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Questions and Answers
What should mixing water for pre-stressed concrete not contain?
What should mixing water for pre-stressed concrete not contain?
At what angle is a longitudinal bar considered bent in the context of beam reinforcement?
At what angle is a longitudinal bar considered bent in the context of beam reinforcement?
What is the implication of bending reinforcing bars on or near the inflection point of a beam?
What is the implication of bending reinforcing bars on or near the inflection point of a beam?
What type of reinforcement is excluded from the requirement of being deformed?
What type of reinforcement is excluded from the requirement of being deformed?
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What additional requirement is indicated for reinforcement to be welded onto the structure?
What additional requirement is indicated for reinforcement to be welded onto the structure?
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What installation method is required for straight additional bars across the top of the beam?
What installation method is required for straight additional bars across the top of the beam?
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Where should bent bars be extended in a beam?
Where should bent bars be extended in a beam?
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What is the minimum diameter for spirals used in cast-in-place construction?
What is the minimum diameter for spirals used in cast-in-place construction?
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What is the maximum allowed clear spacing between spirals?
What is the maximum allowed clear spacing between spirals?
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How many extra turns of spiral bar or wire are required for anchorage of spiral reinforcement?
How many extra turns of spiral bar or wire are required for anchorage of spiral reinforcement?
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What is the minimum lap splice length for spiral reinforcement?
What is the minimum lap splice length for spiral reinforcement?
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What is the minimum size requirement for lateral ties enclosing non-pre-stressed bars?
What is the minimum size requirement for lateral ties enclosing non-pre-stressed bars?
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Which of the following is an acceptable form of reinforcement provided for bundled reinforcement?
Which of the following is an acceptable form of reinforcement provided for bundled reinforcement?
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For longitudinal bars that are 36 mm in size or larger, what is the minimum size for lateral ties?
For longitudinal bars that are 36 mm in size or larger, what is the minimum size for lateral ties?
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Where should spirals extend in a structure?
Where should spirals extend in a structure?
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What is the minimum spacing for lateral ties if the longitudinal bars are 32 mm or smaller?
What is the minimum spacing for lateral ties if the longitudinal bars are 32 mm or smaller?
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In what situation must ties extend from above the termination of spirals?
In what situation must ties extend from above the termination of spirals?
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What is the purpose of stirrups in a concrete beam?
What is the purpose of stirrups in a concrete beam?
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Which of the following describes a standard hook in reinforcement detailing?
Which of the following describes a standard hook in reinforcement detailing?
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For a 20 mm bar, what is the required extension at the free end of a hook with a 90° bend?
For a 20 mm bar, what is the required extension at the free end of a hook with a 90° bend?
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What is the purpose of a truss bar in reinforced concrete beams?
What is the purpose of a truss bar in reinforced concrete beams?
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In the building code requirements, what must be the minimum required extension for a 16 mm bar with a 90° bend?
In the building code requirements, what must be the minimum required extension for a 16 mm bar with a 90° bend?
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What does the 'db' in the extension requirements for hooks refer to?
What does the 'db' in the extension requirements for hooks refer to?
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Which of the following options correctly states a requirement for stirrups according to standard building codes?
Which of the following options correctly states a requirement for stirrups according to standard building codes?
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What is the function of diagonal tension reinforcement in a beam?
What is the function of diagonal tension reinforcement in a beam?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a stirrup?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a stirrup?
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Where should bars be spliced in slabs according to the provided specifications?
Where should bars be spliced in slabs according to the provided specifications?
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What is the required distance for reinforcing bars from the face of the wall for a standard wall thickness of 0.10 m?
What is the required distance for reinforcing bars from the face of the wall for a standard wall thickness of 0.10 m?
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What is the definition of substructure in the context of building construction?
What is the definition of substructure in the context of building construction?
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Which wall thickness requires the reinforcing bars to be placed at both faces vertically according to the schedule?
Which wall thickness requires the reinforcing bars to be placed at both faces vertically according to the schedule?
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What is established as the passive soil pressure in construction terms?
What is established as the passive soil pressure in construction terms?
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What is the maximum allowable spacing of main bars in a reinforced slab?
What is the maximum allowable spacing of main bars in a reinforced slab?
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In a one-way slab, what is the proposed arrangement for shrinkage reinforcement?
In a one-way slab, what is the proposed arrangement for shrinkage reinforcement?
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What characterizes a flat plate in terms of structural support?
What characterizes a flat plate in terms of structural support?
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How does a continuous slab compare to a series of simply supported slabs?
How does a continuous slab compare to a series of simply supported slabs?
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What is the purpose of an expansion joint in construction?
What is the purpose of an expansion joint in construction?
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What distinguishes a concrete topping from a standard concrete slab?
What distinguishes a concrete topping from a standard concrete slab?
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What is the relationship between the spacing in a column strip and the spacing of other bars?
What is the relationship between the spacing in a column strip and the spacing of other bars?
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What is a bonding layer used for in concrete work?
What is a bonding layer used for in concrete work?
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What factor governs the thickness of a flat plate?
What factor governs the thickness of a flat plate?
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Which statement is true regarding the characteristics of Beam-and-Girder slabs?
Which statement is true regarding the characteristics of Beam-and-Girder slabs?
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Study Notes
Reinforced Concrete
- Concrete with embedded steel reinforcement
- Materials act together to resist forces
- Plain concrete lacks reinforcement
- Ferrocement uses cement mortar over wire mesh
- Cast-in-place concrete is deposited and hardened in place
- Reinforcement absorbs tensile, shear, and compressive stresses
- Deformed bars have surface deformations for better bond with concrete
- Tension reinforcement absorbs tensile stresses
- Compression reinforcement absorbs compressive stresses
- Balanced section: tension and compression reinforcement reach yield strength simultaneously
- Over-reinforced section: concrete reaches ultimate strain before the tension reinforcement, which is a dangerous design
- Under-reinforced section: tension reinforcement reaches yield strength before the concrete, a desirable design
- Assumptions in Elastic Theory: plane sections remain plane, concrete is elastic, and stress varies from zero at the neutral axis to a maximum at the extreme fibers
Beam
- A rigid structural member that transfers transverse loads
- Simple beam: single span supported at ends
- Semi-continuous beam: two spans (with or without restraints at ends)
- Cantilever beam: supported at one end, the other end extending beyond the support
- Continuous beam: supported on more than two supports
- T-beam: part of floor and beam unit (poured simultaneously)
- Reinforced concrete beam: designed to act together with longitudinal and web reinforcement
Beam Nomenclature
- Effective Depth of Section: Measured from the compression face to the centroid of the tension reinforcement
- Bar Spacing: Center-to-center spacing of parallel bars, regulated by bar diameter, maximum aggregate size, and section thickness
- Span of Supports: Distances between posts, columns, or supporting walls
- Concrete Layer/Cover: Concrete protecting steel reinforcement from fire and corrosion (measured from reinforcement surface to outer concrete surface)
- Bond: Adhesion between concrete and reinforcing bar
- Bond Stress: Adhesive force per unit area of contact between a reinforcing bar and surrounding concrete
- Developmental Length: Reinforcement length required to develop design strength at a critical section
Concrete Column
- A structural member that resists applied forces (vertical and lateral)
- Short column length <= shortest lateral dimension x 10
- Long column length > shortest lateral dimension x 10
- Tied column: vertical bars and individual ties
- Spiral reinforcement: continuous, evenly spaced spiral (held firmly by spacers)
- Balanced section: tension and compression reinforcement reach yield strength simultaneously
- Over-reinforced section: concrete reaches ultimate strain before the tension reinforcement, which is a dangerous design
- Under-reinforced section: tension reinforcement reaches yield strength before the concrete, a desirable design
- Bundled reinforcement: two to four bars tied together to form a single unit reinforcement
Composite Column
- A column with structural steel embedded into its concrete core (spiral column)
- Combined column: steel encased in concrete
Minimum Bend Diameters
- Minimum diameter for bends (for different bar sizes)
- Internal bend diameter related to reinforcement size
Concrete Protection for Reinforcement
- Minimum cover (in mm) for different locations/exposure conditions
Concrete Slab
- Principal reinforcement: reinforcement absorbing loads and moments
- Shrinkage reinforcement, temperature reinforcement: perpendicular to principal reinforcement, absorbing shrinkage and temperature changes
- Concrete topping: thin layer of high-quality concrete placed on existing concrete to form a floor surface
- Bonding layer: thin mortar layer on existing concrete before new concrete slab
- Construction joint: where two successive concrete placements meet
- Isolation joint: gap between concrete slab and adjoining columns/walls (for movement due to temperature)
- Control joint: line of weakness where cracking may occur during tensile stress
Foundations
- Types of foundations, including shallow and deep
- Isolated footing, spread footing, square block footing, mid-footing, corner footing, edge footing, square sloped footing, stepped footing, rectangular footing, combined footing
- Rectangular combined footing, trapezoidal combined footing, continuous footing, strip footing, strap footing
- Mat foundation, ribbed mat, cellular mat, floating foundation, grillage/grid foundation, wall footing
Pile Foundation
- Types of piles (timber, H-pile, pipe, precast concrete, cased, uncased)
- Bearing pile, friction pile
- Types of pile drivers (drop hammer, steam hammer, single acting, double acting)
- Pile cap
- Types of piles include cased, uncased, cast-in-place, steel, composite, and timber
- Pile eccentricity, pile tolerance
- Negative friction
- Batter pile
Caissons
- Types of caissons (box, open, pneumatic)
- Parts of pneumatic caisson (air lock, compressed air-line, blow-out line, working chamber, cutting edge, bell bucket, casing)
Formworks
- Temporary structures that contain and support concrete during placement
- Types of formworks
- Scaffolding, falsework, staging, shore, wale, breast timber, ranger, waler, wedge, strongback, stiffback, spreader, spacer, grade strip, bulkhead, yoke
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts of reinforced concrete, including the roles of steel reinforcement and the behavior of different reinforcement types. It examines the principles of tension and compression reinforcement, as well as design considerations for balanced, over-reinforced, and under-reinforced sections. Test your knowledge on how these elements work together to resist various stresses in concrete structures.
