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Questions and Answers
What is the major contributor to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Which hormone controls sodium levels in the body?
What happens in the body during hyponatremia?
What is a common cause of hypokalemia?
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Which ion is a major contributor to establishing the resting membrane potential in cells?
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What happens to cell excitability in hypokalemia?
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What is the most abundant anion in the intracellular fluid?
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Which body compartments have nearly identical chemical composition?
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What is the primary source of body water loss?
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Which body compartment provides a constant environment and transports substances?
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In older individuals with more fat tissue and less muscle mass, their ability to hold onto water decreases primarily due to:
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What electrolyte is most abundant in the extracellular fluid interstitial compartment?
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What is the term for abnormally low blood volume?
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Which pressure is responsible for fluid moving from interstitial fluid into capillaries?
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What causes pitting edema?
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Which condition involves decreased aldosterone levels?
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What effect can hypervigorous diuretic therapy have on the body?
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Study Notes
Regulation of Water and Electrolytes
- Plasma membrane is a selectively permeable barrier, controlling movement across the membrane.
- Outside the cell (ECF): more sodium, more chloride.
- Inside the cell (ICF): more potassium, more phosphate, more proteins.
Homeostasis
- ECF and ICF have similar osmolarity, making them isotonic.
- Changes in ECF osmolarity lead to fluid imbalance (dehydration).
Regulation of Sodium
- Sodium is a major contributor to ECF osmolarity.
- Controlled by aldosterone, ADH, and ANH.
- Hyponatremia: low sodium levels, causing water to move into the cell and slower depolarization.
- Hypernatremia: high sodium levels, causing water to move out of the cell and cell crenation.
Regulation of Potassium
- Potassium is essential for establishing resting membrane potential.
- Controlled by hormones such as insulin and aldosterone.
- Hyperkalemia: high potassium levels in blood, causing more positive resting membrane potential.
- Hypokalemia: low potassium levels in blood, causing more negative resting membrane potential.
Acid-Base Balance
- Regulating H+ concentration in body fluids.
- Maintaining homeostasis in body fluids is crucial.
Fluid Balance and Electrolyte Balance
- Fluid balance: fluid gained each day is equal to amount lost.
- Electrolyte balance: neither a net gain nor loss of any ion.
- Homeostasis: body "input" of water and electrolytes must be balanced by output.
Total Body Water
- Most of our body weight is water.
- Factors affecting total body water: age, fat content, gender, adipose, and aging.
- Stored in muscle mass (65%), fat (20%), and less concentrated urine (Na+).
Body Fluid Compartments
- ECF: provides constant environment and transports substances.
- ICF: facilitates intracellular chemical reactions.
- Relative volumes: intracellular volume (25L), broken down into IF (12L), plasma (3L).
Sources of Body Water Gain and Loss
- Water enters via food, drink, and cellular respiration.
- Water exits the body through kidneys, lungs, skin, and intestine.
- Daily water loss: 2500mL (amount varies by route).
Water Intoxication
- Steady consumption of water causing water to enter cells and swell.
- Treatment: use an IV fluid (hypertonic solution) to add solutes to the plasma and pull water out of the ICF.
Regulation of Water and Electrolytes in ECF
- Inside the capillary: fluid in plasma pushing on the capillary (BHP) and fluid out of capillaries into IF (BCOP).
- Outside the capillary: interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) and interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (IFCOP).
Homeostatic Fluid Imbalances
- Edema: abnormally large amounts of fluid in intercellular tissue spaces (pressure, aldosterone, and proteins).
- Pitting edema: depression in swollen tissue.
- Hypovolemia: abnormally low blood volume, decreased aldosterone, and vigorous diuretic therapy.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the regulation of water and electrolytes in cells, focusing on the movement across plasma membranes, concentrations of ions inside and outside the cell, homeostasis, fluid imbalance, and the role of sodium in osmolarity. This quiz covers essential concepts related to cell physiology.
