Regulation of Serum Osmolality

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What is the primary goal of normonatremia?

To regulate sodium gain
To increase cellular volume
To stimulate thirst
To maintain a stable serum osmolality (correct)

Which of the following triggers the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in response to hypernatremia?

Decrease in sodium levels
Increase in blood volume
Decrease in mean arterial pressure
Increase in Posm (correct)

What is the primary mechanism by which the body defends against hypernatremia?

Increased ADH release
Renal conservation of water and endogenous thirst stimulus (correct)
Renal conservation of sodium
Endogenous thirst stimulus

What is the consequence of inadequate water intake in the maintenance phase of hypernatremia?

Sustained state of hypernatremia (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone plays a crucial role in regulating water metabolism?

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) or ADH (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the production and storage of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Hypothalamus (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the setting of hypernatremia, what is the primary stimulus for the release of ADH?

Osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the kidney in hypernatremia?

To concentrate the urine maximally (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum urine output requirement if the kidney can only concentrate urine to 100 mOsm/kg?

7 L (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the independent mechanism of defense against hypertonicity?

Thirst (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of aquaporin-2 channels in the collecting duct?

To insert water channels into the apical membrane (B) Signup and view all the answers

What determines the obligatory renal water loss?

Solute excretion and urinary concentrating ability (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an increase in ADH activity in collecting tubules in response to hypernatremia?

To decrease ongoing water losses (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate response of the brain to an increase in serum [Na+]?

Water movement from intracellular to extracellular space (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the brain's production of osmolytes in response to hypernatremia?

To draw water back into the cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the net effect of the brain's defense mechanisms against hypernatremia?

Increased intracellular osmolality and increased intracellular volume (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the brain protects itself against cellular dehydration?

Combination of ADH-dependent and ADH-independent mechanisms (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to serum electrolytes (primarily Na+ and K+) in response to hypernatremia?

They increase in the intracellular space (B) Signup and view all the answers