Questions and Answers
What is the primary source of energy for cells?
Glucose
Which hormone raises blood glucose levels?
Glucagon
What is the normal range of blood glucose levels?
4-8 mmol/L
Which organ regulates water and ion balance in the body?
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What stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys?
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What happens when blood osmolality is high?
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______ is the primary energy source for the body's cells
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The pancreas produces two hormones to regulate ______ glucose
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When ______ glucose levels are high, insulin is released
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Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus monitor ______ osmolarity
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The release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases ______ reabsorption in the kidneys
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In the absence of ADH, the kidneys excrete more ______, increasing urine volume
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Study Notes
Glucose Regulation
Importance of Glucose Regulation
- Glucose is the primary source of energy for cells
- Blood glucose levels must be maintained within a narrow range (4-8 mmol/L) to ensure proper cellular function
Mechanisms of Glucose Regulation
- Pancreas: produces insulin (lowers blood glucose) and glucagon (raises blood glucose)
- Liver: stores glycogen (polysaccharide) and converts it to glucose when needed
- Adrenal glands: produce adrenaline, which stimulates glycogen breakdown in liver and muscles
Negative Feedback Mechanism
- High blood glucose: stimulates insulin release, which promotes glucose uptake in cells and glycogen synthesis in liver
- Low blood glucose: stimulates glucagon release, which promotes glycogen breakdown in liver and glucose release into bloodstream
Osmoregulation
Importance of Osmoregulation
- Maintains proper water balance and ion concentrations in cells
- Prevents dehydration or overhydration, which can be fatal
Mechanisms of Osmoregulation
- Kidneys: regulate water and ion balance by controlling amount of water reabsorbed into bloodstream
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys, reducing urine volume
- Aldosterone: stimulates sodium reabsorption in kidneys, increasing water reabsorption
Negative Feedback Mechanism
- High blood osmolality: stimulates ADH release, which promotes water reabsorption in kidneys
- Low blood osmolality: inhibits ADH release, reducing water reabsorption in kidneys
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