Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary source of energy for cells?
What is the primary source of energy for cells?
- Ketones
- Glucose (correct)
- Amino acids
- Fatty acids
Which hormone raises blood glucose levels?
Which hormone raises blood glucose levels?
- Adrenaline
- Insulin
- Glucagon (correct)
- Aldosterone
What is the normal range of blood glucose levels?
What is the normal range of blood glucose levels?
- 4-8 mmol/L (correct)
- 12-16 mmol/L
- 8-12 mmol/L
- 2-4 mmol/L
Which organ regulates water and ion balance in the body?
Which organ regulates water and ion balance in the body?
What stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys?
What stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys?
What happens when blood osmolality is high?
What happens when blood osmolality is high?
______ is the primary energy source for the body's cells
______ is the primary energy source for the body's cells
The pancreas produces two hormones to regulate ______ glucose
The pancreas produces two hormones to regulate ______ glucose
When ______ glucose levels are high, insulin is released
When ______ glucose levels are high, insulin is released
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus monitor ______ osmolarity
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus monitor ______ osmolarity
The release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases ______ reabsorption in the kidneys
The release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases ______ reabsorption in the kidneys
In the absence of ADH, the kidneys excrete more ______, increasing urine volume
In the absence of ADH, the kidneys excrete more ______, increasing urine volume
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Study Notes
Glucose Regulation
Importance of Glucose Regulation
- Glucose is the primary source of energy for cells
- Blood glucose levels must be maintained within a narrow range (4-8 mmol/L) to ensure proper cellular function
Mechanisms of Glucose Regulation
- Pancreas: produces insulin (lowers blood glucose) and glucagon (raises blood glucose)
- Liver: stores glycogen (polysaccharide) and converts it to glucose when needed
- Adrenal glands: produce adrenaline, which stimulates glycogen breakdown in liver and muscles
Negative Feedback Mechanism
- High blood glucose: stimulates insulin release, which promotes glucose uptake in cells and glycogen synthesis in liver
- Low blood glucose: stimulates glucagon release, which promotes glycogen breakdown in liver and glucose release into bloodstream
Osmoregulation
Importance of Osmoregulation
- Maintains proper water balance and ion concentrations in cells
- Prevents dehydration or overhydration, which can be fatal
Mechanisms of Osmoregulation
- Kidneys: regulate water and ion balance by controlling amount of water reabsorbed into bloodstream
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys, reducing urine volume
- Aldosterone: stimulates sodium reabsorption in kidneys, increasing water reabsorption
Negative Feedback Mechanism
- High blood osmolality: stimulates ADH release, which promotes water reabsorption in kidneys
- Low blood osmolality: inhibits ADH release, reducing water reabsorption in kidneys
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