Regulation of Body Temperature
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Questions and Answers

How is thermal energy from the Sun transferred to the Earth?

  • By radiation (correct)
  • By reflection
  • By conduction
  • By convection

A stable body temperature is essential for proper enzyme function in the body.

True (A)

What are the two main layers of the skin?

Epidermis and dermis

The main site for heat exchange between the body and the environment is the _____

<p>skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following skin structures with their functions:

<p>Epidermis = Outer layer of skin Dermis = Inner layer providing support Sweat glands = Regulate body temperature Hair follicles = Heat insulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the response to a rise in body temperature?

<p>Heat loss centre (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heat gain centre increases heat loss when body temperature rises.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of thermoreceptors?

<p>Detect the temperature of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

The body responds to cold conditions by stimulating the ______ centre.

<p>heat gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the body is primarily responsible for regulating temperature?

<p>Hypothalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following responses with their conditions:

<p>Sweating = Hot conditions Shivering = Cold conditions Vasodilation = Hot conditions Vasoconstriction = Cold conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heat gain responses include increasing blood flow to the skin.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effectors are involved in temperature regulation?

<p>Sweat glands, erector muscles, and arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the arterioles supplying blood to the skin in very hot weather?

<p>They constrict to supply less blood to the skin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Staying in a shady place has no effect on body temperature regulation for those working outdoors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

State one health hazard due to prolonged exposure to strong sunlight.

<p>Skin cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Drinking plenty of ______ is important when working outdoors in hot weather.

<p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the metabolic rate of the body likely to do at a low environmental temperature?

<p>Decrease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Suggest a way of reducing the risk of health hazards from strong sunlight.

<p>Wearing sunscreen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following responses to the correct effects in hot weather:

<p>Sweating = Helps cool the body Dilating blood vessels = Increases blood flow to the skin Drinking water = Prevents dehydration Avoiding direct sunlight = Reduces risk of overheating</p> Signup and view all the answers

The body does not need to adjust to environmental temperature changes when outdoors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the epidermis?

<p>To protect the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outermost layer of the epidermis consists of living cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What protein is formed in the middle layer of the epidermis that makes cells tough and waterproof?

<p>keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal core body temperature set point for humans?

<p>37 °C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The innermost layer of the epidermis contains a pigment called ______ that absorbs ultraviolet light.

<p>melanin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shivering helps your body cool down when you have a fever.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can overexposure to sunlight lead to?

<p>Sunburn and skin cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following layers of the epidermis with their characteristics:

<p>Outermost layer = Consists of dead cells Middle layer = Contains keratin Innermost layer = Contains living cells and produces melanin Overall epidermis = Provides protection and prevents water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is produced during a fever that raises the body's set point temperature?

<p>pyrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

The regulation of body temperature is essential for ________ because it allows metabolic reactions to proceed at an efficient rate.

<p>survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

Melanogenesis is the process by which melanin is produced in the epidermis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is produced when the innermost layer is exposed to sunlight?

<p>vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Prostaglandin = A compound that increases body temperature set point Thermostat = Part of the brain that regulates body temperature Fever = A response to infection that raises body temperature Enzymes = Biological catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the brain play in regulating body temperature?

<p>It acts as a thermostat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metabolic reactions function efficiently at a wide range of body temperatures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to enzyme activity when body temperature deviates from the normal range?

<p>it decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a thicker layer of fat in cold environments?

<p>To reduce heat loss by conduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Body fat percentage can be accurately determined without measuring skinfold thickness.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tool is commonly used to measure skinfold thickness?

<p>caliper</p> Signup and view all the answers

Whales have a thick subcutaneous fat layer known as ________ to help reduce heat loss.

<p>blubber</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the animal with its adaptation for reducing heat loss:

<p>Whales = Thick layer of blubber Polar bears = Dense fur that traps air</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body parts are commonly assessed for skinfold thickness measurements?

<p>Chest and thigh (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Subcutaneous fat develops quickly in response to a cold environment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant role does the fur of polar bears play in cold environments?

<p>It traps a layer of air close to the skin to reduce heat loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Radiation

The process of heat transfer through electromagnetic waves, such as sunlight.

How does Earth get heat from the Sun?

The primary way Earth receives thermal energy from the Sun.

Epidermis

The outer, thin layer of skin.

Dermis

The inner, thick layer of skin that contains blood vessels and nerves.

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Convection

The process of heat transfer through the movement of fluids, like air or water.

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What is core body temperature?

The core body temperature is the temperature of blood and internal organs.

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What is the normal core body temperature?

The temperature of your blood and internal organs is normally around 37°C.

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What are enzymes?

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in our body.

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What is the optimal temperature for most enzymes in our body?

Enzymes work best at a specific temperature, around 37°C in our body.

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Why is regulating body temperature important?

Keeping a stable body temperature is important for maintaining optimal enzyme function and metabolic rate.

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What is fever?

Fever is a temporary increase in the set point of our body temperature, usually due to infection.

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What causes fever?

A substance called pyrogen, often produced by pathogens, triggers fever by increasing prostaglandin production.

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How does shivering help during fever?

Shivering is a reflex that helps generate heat in the body, often activated during fever.

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Stratum corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of dead cells. It is tough, waterproof, and protects the body from water loss, mechanical injury, and pathogens.

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Keratin

A fibrous protein found in the middle layer of the epidermis. It makes cells tough and waterproof.

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Stratum granulosum

The middle layer of the epidermis, composed of living cells that gradually fill with keratin.

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Stratum basale

The innermost layer of the epidermis, composed of living cells that divide to create new skin cells. It also produces melanin and vitamin D.

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Melanin

A dark pigment produced in the stratum basale that absorbs ultraviolet light from the sun, protecting the body.

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Melanogenesis

The process of producing melanin in the skin, stimulated by UV radiation.

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Sun tanning

The process of the skin turning darker in response to exposure to sunlight.

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Sunburn

A condition caused by excessive exposure to sunlight that can damage the skin and lead to aging and cancer.

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Subcutaneous fat

A layer of fat found beneath the skin, helping insulate against heat loss.

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Heat conduction

The process where heat moves from a warmer object to a cooler one, like from your body to the cold air.

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Adaptation to cold environment

A long-term adaptation where an organism adjusts to a cold environment by developing a thicker layer of subcutaneous fat.

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Body fat percentage

The percentage of your body weight that is made up of fat.

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Skinfold caliper

A tool used to measure the thickness of a skinfold, which includes subcutaneous fat.

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Blubber

The thick layer of subcutaneous fat found in whales, helping them conserve heat in cold water.

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Dense fur

A layer of fur that traps air near the skin, reducing heat loss from the body.

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Adaptations for cold environments

Special features that help animals in cold environments reduce heat loss and survive.

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Heat gain centre

The part of the thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus that acts to increase heat production and reduce heat loss when body temperature drops below normal.

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Heat loss centre

The part of the thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus that acts to increase heat loss and reduce heat production when body temperature rises above normal.

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Thermoreceptors

Specialized nerve endings in the skin and internal organs that detect temperature changes. These changes are then relayed to the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus.

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Thermoregulatory centre

The brain region that controls and regulates body temperature. It receives information from thermoreceptors and sends signals to effectors to maintain a stable internal body temperature.

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Cold conditions: Vasoconstriction

Under cold conditions, the body's blood vessels in the skin constrict, reducing blood flow to the surface, and thus reducing heat loss.

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Cold conditions: Erector muscle contraction

Under cold conditions, the erector muscles attached to hair follicles contract, causing hairs to stand up. This creates a layer of trapped air, acting as an insulator to reduce heat loss.

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Hot conditions: Vasodilation

Under hot conditions, the body's blood vessels in the skin dilate, increasing blood flow to the surface, allowing more heat to be lost to the surroundings.

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Hot conditions: Sweating

Under hot conditions, the sweat glands in the skin release sweat onto the surface. As the sweat evaporates, it takes heat with it, cooling the body.

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Why is drinking water important in hot weather?

Drinking plenty of water helps regulate body temperature during hot weather by replacing lost fluids through sweating. This prevents dehydration, which can lead to overheating and other health problems.

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How does shade help regulate body temperature?

Staying in the shade helps regulate body temperature by reducing exposure to direct sunlight, lowering the amount of heat absorbed by the body. This prevents overheating.

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What health risk can result from prolonged sunlight exposure?

Prolonged exposure to strong sunlight can lead to sunburn. This can be reduced by wearing protective clothing, such as hats and sunglasses, and using sunscreen with a high SPF.

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What happens to blood vessels during hot weather?

When your body temperature rises during a period of hot weather, the arterioles supplying blood to the skin dilate, which helps to increase the amount of heat lost to the environment through radiation and convection.

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What happens to blood vessels during cold weather?

When your body temperature drops during a period of cold weather, the arterioles supplying blood to the skin constrict, which helps reduce the amount of heat lost to the environment through radiation.

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How does the body respond to cold temperatures?

The metabolic rate of the body increases when it is exposed to a cold environment, which helps the body generate more heat.

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How does blood glucose levels change after exercise?

The blood glucose level increases after eating a carbohydrate-rich meal. Exercise, like jogging, uses up glucose, lowering blood glucose levels.

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How is blood glucose level change shown in the graph?

The graph shows a spike in blood glucose level following the carbohydrate-rich lunch. Blood glucose level then decreases as the body starts to use it for energy during jogging.

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Study Notes

Regulation of Body Temperature

  • Body temperature is normally maintained at 37°C.
  • The thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus controls the set point of body temperature.
  • Pyrogens, produced by pathogens, increase the synthesis of prostaglandins, which raise the set point of the thermostat.
  • Shivering is a mechanism to increase heat production.
  • To maintain a stable temperature, heat gain and loss must be balanced.
  • Heat is gained through metabolic reactions, especially respiration in the liver and skeletal muscles.
  • Heat is lost via conduction transfer of heat between objects in direct contact, convection by the movement of air or water, radiation is a process of heat transfer without a medium and evaporation loss of heat when a liquid changes to a vapor.
  • Skin plays a crucial role in heat exchange.
  • Sensory receptors detect temperature changes.
  • Hair follicles, erector muscles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands help regulate body temperature.
  • Subcutaneous fat acts as insulation to reduce heat loss.
  • Blood vessels regulate blood flow to the skin, affecting heat loss.
  • Behavioural responses like wearing clothes or seeking shade regulate body temperature.
  • Hormones such as thyroxine and adrenaline influence metabolic rate, affecting heat production.
  • The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine in response to cold, increasing metabolic rate and body temperature.
  • Adrenaline is secreted by the adrenal glands and similarly increases metabolic rate.

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Regulation of Body Temperature PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on how the body regulates temperature through various mechanisms. This quiz covers the role of the hypothalamus, the impact of pyrogens, methods of heat gain and loss, and the importance of skin in thermoregulation. Assess your understanding of these crucial physiological processes.

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