PATH3308

Genes, cells, and matrix.

The ECM provides structural support, regulates cell behavior, and influences the processes of tissue regeneration.

The importance of immune rejection in transplantation.

<p>Stem cell niches are microenvironments that support stem cells and regulate their behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth, morphogenesis, differentiation, and maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collagen, elastin, and fibronectin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The interaction mediates cell adhesion and regulates signaling pathways crucial for tissue repair and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The epidermis is derived from the surface ectoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones, while endochondral ossification forms long bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle develops from the myotome regions of the somites in the mesoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac muscle arises from lateral splanchnic mesoderm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neural crest cells give rise to cranial, spinal visceral nerves and ganglia in the PNS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) allows cells to lose epithelial characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MET is crucial for tissue repair as it reverses EMT, aiding in kidney development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BMPs are essential for regulating tissue development and organ specification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cadherins mediate cell-cell adhesion and are crucial for maintaining tissue integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integrins act as receptors for ECM, facilitating cellular communication with their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The skin acts as a waterproof barrier and protects against environmental hazards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complications can include infection, scarring, and sepsis, which can be fatal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After severe injuries, skin's ability to self-repair is compromised and can struggle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>REIMS/i-knife helps differentiate between healthy and necrotic tissue in real-time, guiding surgeons during debridement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Split-thickness skin grafts can result in donor site morbidity, including pain and scarring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autologous cell treatments use cells sourced from the patient's own body, eliminating the risk of immune rejection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bromelain acts as an enzyme to assist in the removal of dead tissue, especially in hard-to-reach areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xenografts are limited to temporary use due to vigorous immune rejection and are often derived from animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Precise timing in CEAs is essential to ensure optimal healing and to minimize scarring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allografts carry a risk of rejection and cross-contamination, often necessitating immunosuppressive therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ReCell Spray-on Skin includes keratinocytes for skin barrier, fibroblasts for matrix production, and melanocytes for pigmentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and melanocytes are essential for skin healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CEA sheets are cultured from a full-thickness biopsy and provide a layer of keratinocytes that help restore the epidermis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delaying treatment beyond 10 days increases the scar risk, rising to 78% if healing takes more than 21 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ECM actively influences healing through the release of growth factors and its physical properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integra is collagen-based and biodegradable, while BTM has a non-biodegradable top layer for water loss prevention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apligraf is a bilayered cultured graft composed of both dermal and epidermal components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stem cells are being explored for their potential in enhancing skin regeneration and immune modulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3D bioprinting allows for the customization of tissues' matrix properties and can print complete structures for transplantation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vascularization into new templates is critical yet often limited in achieving adequate epidermal coverage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adjunct therapies, like laser scar modulation, improve the appearance of scars post-healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultured allogeneic grafts lack blood vessels, hair follicles, and certain immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibroblasts are essential for forming the dermal matrix and supporting tissue integrity during healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early treatment reduces scar formation risk and promotes a more effective healing process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autologous keratinocyte preparations provide a tailored approach to healing, utilizing the patient's own cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Research is focusing on induced pluripotent stem cells and their potential roles in regeneration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MSCs have the ability to differentiate into various cell types and form connective tissue scaffolding, crucial for tissue repair and regeneration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MSCs respond to inflammation by homing to affected tissues and modulating immune responses through direct cell contact and paracrine mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FACT was founded to improve the quality of cellular therapies through peer-developed standards, education, and voluntary accreditation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accreditation minimizes the burden of regulatory oversight and enhances collaboration between clinical units and laboratories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MSCs form a supportive niche that enables hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and differentiation by secreting vital cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATMPs are characterized by substantial manipulation or a different essential function from donor cells, unlike other biological products used for the same purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The OGTR ensures that dealings with GMOs in ATMPs comply with the Gene Technology Act, overseeing monitoring and compliance activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biologicals are products made from human cells or tissues used to treat diseases, diagnose conditions, or replace body parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological medicines include recombinant and plasma-derived products, as well as vaccines without viable human cells, distinguishing them from biologicals that contain human cells or tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of GMOs in ATMPs necessitates specific regulatory scrutiny to ensure safety and compliance with genetic manipulation laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substantial manipulation changes the biological characteristics or intended function of the cells or tissues, which qualifies the product as an ATMP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These products aim to regulate, repair, replace, or modify genetic sequences within human beings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example of a combination product would be a cell therapy that is delivered using a medical device.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Gene Technology Regulator assesses and approves ATMPs containing GMOs for clinical use to ensure safety and compliance with regulations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CTTWA provides services for manufacturing licensed cell therapies and conducting cell processing for hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Staff must demonstrate expertise in Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), aseptic cell processing, and handling of GMOs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MHC matching is critical to reduce the risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and improve transplant success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CAR T-cell therapy modifies a patient's T-cells to specifically target and destroy cancer cells, providing a novel treatment approach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The shortage of transplant-grade cadaveric donor corneal tissue leads to an annual gap between demand and available transplants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MSCs are a type of stem cell found in bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, and other tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The NMDP established a coordinated registry to increase the availability of stem cell donors for patients needing transplants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The current gold standard treatment is a corneal transplant, which addresses visual impairment due to cell loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quality systems and SOPs ensure consistent, safe practices in the manufacturing and delivery of ATMPs to patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scaffolds act as templates that support cell growth and guide tissue formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth factors and hormones are two types of signals that influence cell behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing reliable and cost-effective scaffolds is a primary challenge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biomaterials provide the necessary mechanical properties and biocompatibility for scaffold function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells can be sourced from autologous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic origins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ECM provides structural and biochemical support essential for cell function and tissue integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scaffolds must have adequate mechanical properties, be biocompatible, and be biodegradable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanotransduction refers to how cells convert mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bioinks are soft hydrogels used in bioprinting that can absorb large amounts of water and provide a true 3D environment for cells. They are significant because they resemble the extracellular matrix (ECM) and can support cell suspension and drug delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two challenges include the potential sinking of cells during printing and the risk of needle clogging due to high cell density. Additionally, materials might dehydrate or collapse if the bioink lacks structural integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body and acts as a fibrous reinforcement within the extracellular matrix, providing structural support. It is crucial for maintaining the mechanical properties and stiffness of tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tailoring scaffold size and shape is important as it can enhance tissue attachment and promote regeneration by mimicking the natural environment. It allows for improved cell migration and integration within the scaffold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biodegradable synthetic polymers are generally easier to manipulate and process compared to natural polymers, which can be challenging to isolate. Synthetic polymers can also be engineered to meet specific mechanical and biological requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Melt Electrowriting (MEW) is a high-resolution 3D printing technique used to create detailed scaffolds for bone or soft tissues. One of its benefits is that it offers high control over the mechanical properties and microarchitectures of the printed structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell contractility influences how cells interact within the extracellular matrix and respond to mechanical forces. It is significant because proper mechano-sensing can enhance tissue regeneration and integration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3D scaffolds in tissue engineering allow for complex tissue structures that can better mimic natural tissue architecture and function. They also facilitate nutrient and waste exchange between cells within the scaffold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two primary types are mechanical valves, which require lifelong anti-coagulation therapy for durability, and bio-prosthetic valves, which often do not require such therapy but have a shorter lifespan. Mechanical valves can last around 20 years, while bio-prosthetic valves last about 5 years in younger patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scaffolds influence cellular responses by providing structural support, guiding cell behavior, and delivering biochemical cues. The material type and design of the scaffold significantly affect cell attachment, growth, and differentiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MACI utilizes a patient's own cells and a collagen scaffold for direct implantation, resulting in better integration and quality control of cell density.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cartilage lacks blood supply and nerve endings, so defects often do not produce symptoms until significant damage occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrin glue secures the collagen scaffold without the need for sutures, which reduces surgery time and minimizes trauma to the joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stem cells can provide a source of chondrocytes for the repair of damaged cartilage, enhancing the body's regenerative capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue constructs are immature but functional matrices that can offer local effects for effective repair and integration in damaged areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cartilage injuries cost patients around $30 million yearly in Australia due to their high prevalence and challenges in effective treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Current treatments mainly manage symptoms and do not effectively restore cartilage, often leading to inferior repair tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MACI is used for the knee, ankle, shoulder, and hip, primarily utilizing direct chondrocyte seeding on the collagen scaffold during surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MACI is less invasive, offers better quality control in cell density, and can be performed arthroscopically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Significant improvements in pain and joint function have been observed within two years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MACI avoids complications like bone cysts by providing a cell-loaded scaffold that promotes natural repair without bone damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The collagen membrane replaces the periosteal membrane and facilitates the direct integration of chondrocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Challenges include complications from synthetic materials, while innovations focus on collagen-based scaffolds and stem cell-based therapies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The goal is to repair the entire osteochondral region, including both bone and cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MACI represents a second-generation improvement that addresses some of ACI's limitations by enhancing the quality of repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulatory frameworks help define appropriate uses for stem cells, ensuring safety and effectiveness in regenerative medicine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Australia is approximately 15 years ahead in developing and adopting MACI compared to the USA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clinicians should establish boundaries for stem cell practices and improve patient access to clinical trials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The activation of hepatic non-parenchymal cells is triggered by liver disease, which leads to the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oval cells reside in the canal of Herring and primarily function to differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transforming growth factor (TGF) inhibits hepatocyte DNA synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HPCs are bi-potential stem cells that can differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, aiding in liver regeneration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples of genetic liver diseases treated with gene therapy include Hemophilia B, Crigler-Najjar Syndrome, and Wilson Disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kupffer cells are liver resident macrophages that migrate from the blood and are involved in the local immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isolating oval cells is significant because they can be cultured to produce both hepatic cells and cholangiocytes for research and therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) synthesize components of the extracellular matrix, contributing to cirrhosis and fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activated HSCs transform into myofibroblast-like cells, producing excess collagen and extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to liver fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MSCs can modulate immune cell functions and attenuate liver inflammation, thereby reducing hepatocyte injury and promoting healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limitations include incomplete gene expression, difficulties in scaling up the process, and heterogeneity in cell culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver organoids are mini-liver structures derived from various cell types that can spontaneously form small blood vessels and show potential for transplantation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main challenge includes addressing immune rejection and ensuring complete cell differentiation to prevent tumor risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HSCs are activated by liver injury or chronic inflammation, which are influenced by cytokines and growth factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver buds closely resemble natural liver tissue and have exhibited therapeutic potential in animal models for liver disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As of 2020, there are 29 registered clinical trials specifically focusing on using MSCs for liver cirrhosis treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small molecules can induce rapid proliferation and enhance the differentiation of hepatocyte-like cells derived from stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A key concern is the possibility of tumorigenicity, where transplanted cells may form tumors instead of integrating effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRISPR/Cas9 edits faulty genes to treat genetic diseases such as AATD and Wilson's disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>iPSCs are derived from adult cells that are reprogrammed back into an embryonic-like pluripotent state using defined factors like Oct4 and Sox2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main challenge is the organ shortage and the increasing demand for suitable donor livers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ELAD mimics liver function by filtering toxins, using human liver cells to facilitate appropriate transfer of metabolites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MSCs are used to treat fibrosis and cirrhosis by reducing liver inflammation and modulating immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NASH involves inflammation and liver cell damage alongside fat accumulation, while NAFLD is primarily fat buildup without inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Challenges include immune rejection, poor donor availability, and the need for a significant percentage of liver cells to be replaced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral vectors, especially Adeno-associated virus (AAV), are refined to carry corrected genes into cells for therapeutic purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patient-specific iPSCs allow for personalized therapy by being tailored to an individual's genetic makeup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohol consumption, obesity, and intravenous drug use are significant lifestyle contributors to metabolic liver diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regenerative medicine aims to restore normal liver function by engineering or regenerating liver cells and tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatic stellate cells are activated during liver injury, contributing to the development of fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ex vivo gene therapy involves altering genes in cells outside the body before returning them for treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunotherapy can enhance the body's immune response to combat liver cancers, potentially improving survival rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main consequence of fibrosis is the loss of normal tissue function due to excessive scar tissue formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrinsic cellular capacity influences tissue repair by determining how well cells can proliferate and regenerate damaged structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The location of injury is crucial as it affects the intrinsic capacity to heal and the type of tissue involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors such as infection, poor perfusion, and nutritional status can delay the healing process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stable cells divide when necessary to repair tissue, unlike labile cells that continuously divide, and permanent cells that cannot regenerate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive scar tissue formation in myocardial infarction reduces heart contractile function and hampers overall cardiac efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic injuries lead to continuous inflammation and eventual fibrosis, impairing the normal healing response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged exposure can lead to significant damage and may result in chronic fibrosis, hampering the healing process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibroblasts proliferate and increase collagen production in fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The STAT3 signaling pathway is known to increase fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Models include bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice and human cell cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small molecule inhibitors targeting STAT signaling, like AZD1480, are being developed to reduce fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IPF is characterized by high levels of circulating autoantibodies and increased B cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'scar in a jar' model helps assess collagen deposition and macromolecular crowding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Targeting antibody-producing plasma cells may reduce lung fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Current treatments slow disease progression but do not cure fibrosis and have side effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immune cells, particularly B cells, play a critical role in the inflammatory response associated with fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ex Vivo μCT imaging is used to quantify fibrosis in mouse lung tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes can compromise wound healing by impairing vascular function and reducing collagen synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steroids can reduce collagen production, leading to weaker scar tissue due to their anti-inflammatory effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibroblasts are the major source of extracellular matrix components, essential for collagen deposition in scar tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrosis is the pathological response involving excessive deposition of collagen and other matrix components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ECM provides a scaffold that controls cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive collagen deposition in pulmonary fibrosis leads to loss of lung function and is usually fatal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wound healing includes inflammation, cell proliferation, ECM synthesis, remodeling, and scar formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foreign bodies can perpetuate chronic inflammation, which interferes with normal healing and can contribute to fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth factors stimulate cell populations to enter the cell cycle, promoting tissue regeneration and repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This timing is crucial for ensuring a scaffold forms as part of the healing process, leading to effective scar tissue formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanical stress on a wound can impede healing by inducing tension that disrupts collagen alignment and ECM formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autocrine signaling influences cells to respond to their own factors, while paracrine signaling allows nearby cells to communicate and coordinate healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IPF is characterized by progressive collagen deposition, abnormal tissue remodeling, and significant loss of lung function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Healing regulation depends on a balance of stimulatory and inhibitory factors released in response to injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The interstitial matrix comprises various connective tissues, while the basement membrane is a specialized structure produced by epithelial and mesenchymal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Killer T cells hunt and destroy infected or cancerous cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tolerance is the mechanism that prevents self-reactive T cells from causing autoimmunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three types are circulating, lymphoid-resident, and migratory dendritic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dendritic cells can be targeted to enhance T cell responses against tumors once their antigen presentation is understood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cross-presentation is the process whereby dendritic cells present antigens to CD8+ T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage 0 indicates that melanoma is confined to the epidermis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dendritic cells help orchestrate T cell immunity and ensure tolerance to self and harmless antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Studies show that both epidermal-derived Langerhans cells and dermal-derived DCs are involved in the immune response in melanoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>XCR1+ dendritic cells specialize in cross-presenting tumor antigens, promoting CD8+ T cell responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TRM cells reside in tissues and maintain immune equilibrium, preventing melanoma relapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adoptive cell therapy transfers activated CD8+ T cells to eliminate tumors, aiming to improve treatment efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flt3L expands XCR1+ dendritic cells, enhancing their ability to present antigens and activate CD8+ T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three phases are elimination, equilibrium, and escape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tumor heterogeneity complicates treatment by introducing various cell types that may respond differently to therapies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The epicutaneous model is used to study melanoma progression and immune responses in mice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immune equilibrium refers to a state where tumor growth is controlled, preventing both progression and immune evasion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-10 and TGF-β promote Treg activity and suppress the immune response, creating a favorable environment for myoblast survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pMP6a vector can be expanded in bacteria and is designed to express cytokines in eukaryotic cells using a cytomegalovirus promoter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In vivo electroporation involves injecting a plasmid into muscle tissue and applying an electrical current to increase membrane permeability, allowing plasmid uptake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ampicillin resistance allows researchers to selectively grow bacteria that have successfully taken up the plasmid by growing them in the presence of the antibiotic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-term gene expression is essential to ensure sustained therapeutic effects and address the underlying causes of genetic diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Challenges include selecting the right delivery system, managing immune responses, and achieving long-term gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-viral methods, such as electroporation, generally have a better safety profile compared to viral vectors due to reduced risk of insertional mutagenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased levels of cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β help modulate the immune response, potentially leading to improved myoblast survival and muscle regeneration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene therapy aims to correct or replace defective genes to treat diseases such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, and Sickle Cell Disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In normal gene insertion, a healthy copy of the gene is introduced into a nonspecific location in the genome to replace a nonfunctional gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homologous recombination allows for an abnormal gene to be swapped out for a normal gene by utilizing the natural recombination process in cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral vectors are used to deliver therapeutic genes into target cells because they can effectively insert their genetic material into host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene repair works by inducing selective mutations that correct the defective gene, such as using techniques like CRISPR to restore its normal function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfected genes are tested for integration and expression through assays performed on the bone marrow cells used in therapies like X-SCID treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene regulation alteration involves changing how much a gene is expressed, either by turning it on or off or adjusting its expression level to manage disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenoviruses are often used in gene therapy and are characterized by their double-stranded DNA genomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AAVs can integrate their genetic material at a specific site on chromosome 19, providing stable gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retroviruses can convert their RNA genome into DNA and integrate it into the host's genome, allowing for long-term gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The immune system often attacks and destroys transplanted donor cells, leading to treatment ineffectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exon skipping uses modified RNA molecules to bypass defective exons in the dystrophin gene, allowing functional protein production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-viral methods can deliver genes through direct injection, electroporation, and liposomal delivery systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is a severe muscle-wasting disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tregs help regulate the immune response, potentially reducing the rejection of transplanted cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mini dystrophin genes are smaller and can be delivered effectively, while still providing key functional capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dystrophin protein links muscle cell cytoskeletons to the surrounding matrix, providing stability during contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-viral delivery systems are less efficient but reduce the risks associated with viral vectors, such as immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Herpes simplex viruses can infect neurons and evade the immune system, making them suitable for targeting nervous system disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A nonsense mutation leads to premature termination of protein synthesis, resulting in a non-functional dystrophin protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct injection is often inefficient because very little DNA successfully enters the target cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease, as opposed to traditional methods like drugs or surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral vectors are used because they can effectively deliver genes into cells while being modified to be non-pathogenic; a common example is Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The eye has immune privilege, leading to reduced rejection rates, and its small size allows for the administration of smaller treatment doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding the biology of the disorder, including affected cells and gene function, is the first key step in developing a gene therapy strategy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological models, such as animal models or human-derived cells, are used to assess the effectiveness and safety of the gene therapy before clinical trials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The immune privilege of the eye lowers the risk of immune rejection, making it easier for gene therapy to be accepted and function effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selecting the correct vector is vital for ensuring effective delivery of the therapeutic gene to the appropriate cells and maximizing treatment efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initial clinical trials primarily focus on evaluating safety aspects before progressing to therapeutic efficacy assessments in later trials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repeat expansion of unstable noncoding regions causes anticipation and greater severity with each generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene replacement therapy replaces faulty genes entirely, while molecular therapies target gene expression at various stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AOs can alter mRNA splicing, block translation, or induce RNA degradation to offer precise treatment options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over 6000 rare diseases affect millions, with 95% having no treatment and a long diagnostic process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dystrophin acts like a protective mesh around muscle fibers, and its absence leads to muscle weakness and damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frame-shifting mutations result in truncated dystrophin proteins, which fail to provide necessary muscle support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The SMN1 gene provides survival signals to motor neurons, and its deletion leads to motor neuron death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some dystrophin is better than none; carriers of dystrophin with variable quality can have milder symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exondys51, a Morpholino nucleic acid analogue, targets dystrophin exon 51 to restore the reading frame during splicing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle degeneration can lead to complications like impacted bowel and respiratory failure, resulting in organ failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Migration patterns have led rare diseases to become a concern in both third-world and first-world countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased creatine kinase levels in blood indicate muscle fiber damage due to the lack of protective dystrophin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Satellite cells proliferate to fuse and form new muscle fibers after muscle damage, aided by growth factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene therapy aims to downregulate harmful transcripts to help preserve vision in this degenerative eye disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subretinal injection delivers the gene therapy directly under the retina, which is more specific for targeting photoreceptor cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AAV is replication-deficient and can integrate into the host cell's genome, making it suitable for a variety of cell types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If the bleb does not reattach after the injection, it can lead to tissue loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AAV can only carry small genes, limiting the size of therapeutic genes that can be delivered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pre-existing antibodies to AAV can neutralize the viral vector before it delivers the therapeutic gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce multiple protein isoforms, increasing protein diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These serotypes target photoreceptors and ganglion cells within the retina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves replacing a defective gene with a healthy copy to restore vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AAV vectors are being used to deliver genes encoding soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sFlt-1) to inhibit abnormal blood vessel growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The delivery method can affect how effectively the therapy reaches its target cells, influencing treatment outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trials are investigating different AAV serotypes and injection methods for conditions like wet AMD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruptions can lead to the production of non-functional or deleterious protein isoforms, causing various diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low immunogenicity reduces the immune response against AAV vectors, enhancing the likelihood of successful gene delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Missense mutations can alter protein structure and function, while nonsense mutations create truncated, non-functional proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene therapy aims to correct or replace defective genes that contribute to various inherited disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, and its primary function is to provide a bacterial immune system by allowing bacteria to 'remember' and target invading viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The PAM (Protospacer Adjacent Motif) sequence is essential for Cas9 to differentiate between self and non-self DNA, enabling precise targeting and cleavage of foreign DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guide RNA (gRNA) directs the Cas9 protein to the specific target DNA sequence, combining crRNA, which is sequence-specific, and tracrRNA, which acts as a scaffold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRISPR components can be delivered via plasmids, ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, or mRNA; RNP complexes are preferred for clinical applications due to their rapid turnover and reduced risk of off-target effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The CRISPR system enables bacteria to capture snippets of viral DNA, which they store as spacers, and uses this information to recognize and cut the DNA of future viral invaders using Cas9.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cas9 is the enzyme that induces double-stranded breaks in DNA, which is a critical step for gene editing as it allows the DNA to be modified at specific locations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One limitation of CRISPR technology is the potential for off-target effects, where the system may inadvertently modify unintended parts of the genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spacers are sequences derived from viral and plasmid DNA that allow bacteria to remember past infections, providing a template for recognizing and targeting the same or similar invaders in the future.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main pathways are Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ), which is error-prone and can lead to insertions or deletions, and Homology Directed Repair (HDR), which is precise and uses a template for repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NHEJ operates throughout the cell cycle, while HDR predominantly occurs during the S/G2 phases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An advantage is their longer persistence in cells; a disadvantage is the potential for off-target effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNPs provide immediate action and have less persistence compared to plasmids, making them preferred for clinical applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dCas9 is a catalytically inactive version of Cas9 that can be fused with effectors to activate or repress target genes without causing DNA cleavage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRISPR can knock out genes, model disease-causing mutations, and create gene knock-ins to investigate genetic functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main challenge is that changes made to the cells may be lost over time due to constant cell replacement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRISPR can correct mutations in disease-causing genes, such as those involved in cystic fibrosis, providing a permanent cure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>iPSCs allow for the correction of patient-derived cells, which can then be differentiated and transplanted back to patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The most common mutation is a 3 bp deletion (ΔF508) in the CFTR gene, which impairs protein folding and transport, leading to severe symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using peptide conjugates can enhance the specificity of nanoparticle delivery systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nanoparticles can reduce Cas9 recognition and clearance by immune cells, enhancing the effectiveness of gene editing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethical considerations include potential off-target effects, implications of germline editing, and regulatory issues surrounding genetic modifications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most common diseases are caused by multigene disorders, complicating therapy targeting a single gene mutation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In non-stem cells, gene therapy often results in short-lived corrections or temporary results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene editing in therapy may cause off-target effects, leading to unintended mutations and genomic instability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Challenges include effective delivery of genes into somatic cells and possible immune responses from vector types like adenoviruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene therapy can provoke immune reactions, which may limit the viability of repeated treatments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Cas9 enzyme cuts DNA at specific locations when guided by gRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PAM sequences are required for Cas9 to distinguish between self and non-self DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main pathways are Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) and Homology Directed Repair (HDR).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Base editors modify DNA without making cuts, which reduces the risk of errors during editing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRISPR-Cas9 has potential benefits for treating Cystic Fibrosis by correcting the ΔF508 mutation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limitations include delivery to non-dividing cells, immune reactions, and high costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spacers in the CRISPR system are derived from nucleic acids of viruses and plasmids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type I and II systems rely on the presence of a PAM sequence for effective DNA targeting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) and Homology Directed Repair (HDR).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PAM is essential for Cas9 to recognize and bind to the target DNA sequence before inducing cleavage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dCas9 lacks cleavage activity and is used for gene activation or repression without cutting DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adeno-associated virus (AAV), microinjection, electroporation, and lipid nanoparticles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNP complexes have a rapid turnover, reducing off-target effects compared to long-lived plasmids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>iPSCs can differentiate into nearly all cell types and have a high self-renewal rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRISPR can achieve DNA cleavage and repair, leading to gene knockout or precise edits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Editing cells in vivo is often harder due to limited uptake and the potential loss of edits over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NHEJ is more efficient, with about 75% success, while HDR has only about 25% efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nanoparticle deliveries enhance uptake of CRISPR components into cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations in the coagulation factor IX (FIX) gene cause Hemophilia B, affecting the ability to form blood clots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenoviral vectors demonstrated long-term phenotypic correction of Hemophilia B in mouse models.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limitations include delivery efficiency, off-target effects, and potential immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main therapeutic strategy for HIV/AIDS is highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involved electroporation of CRISPR into hematopoietic stem cells to disable the CCR5 co-receptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV symptoms typically return within weeks after halting HAART due to latent viral reservoirs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AAV vectors enable persistent expression of FIX after administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRISPR/Cas9 technology was applied to disrupt latent HIV-1 provirus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delivery methods can vary in their efficiency and may provoke immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intended target was edited with no off-target effects, and modified cells persisted for over 19 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concerns include eugenics, regulation, equitable access, and the implications of embryo modification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The high cost of current gene editing therapies, approximately $1 million per patient, is a major barrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The monogenic nature allows for targeted gene therapy approaches to potentially correct the disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations in the CFTR gene, particularly the ΔF508 deletion, cause Cystic Fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difficulty in transducing basal cells, which are necessary for long-term functional restoration of airway epithelium, is a major challenge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sickle Cell Disease is caused by a specific point mutation in the HBB gene that encodes the beta chain of hemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BCL11A regulates the switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin; targeting its enhancer can increase fetal hemoglobin levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Casgevy was the first approved CRISPR-based therapy and has shown significant results in reducing transfusion dependency in patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing HbF levels helps in reducing sickling of red blood cells and alleviating symptoms of both SCD and transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DMD is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the dystrophin gene located on the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Techniques such as TALEN and CRISPR-Cas9 have been employed to achieve precise correction of the dystrophin gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene therapies can potentially provide long-lasting cures or significant improvements in quality of life for genetic disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhancer targeting to reactivate fetal hemoglobin production is a key therapeutic strategy for Sickle Cell Disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25 out of 27 individuals were no longer transfusion dependent following Casgevy treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Point mutations in the HBB gene lead to an imbalance in alpha and beta globins, causing ineffective RBC development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HPFH is a rare condition where individuals continue to produce high levels of fetal hemoglobin throughout life, protecting them from SCD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRISPR-mediated gene editing can enhance the levels of fetal hemoglobin in patients, thus managing their condition more effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allorecognition involves T cells and antibodies (B cells and plasma cells) responding to transplanted HLA molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homologous transplants involve individuals of the same species, while heterologous transplants are between different species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HLA class II molecules are primarily expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HLA matching is crucial to increase compatibility between donors and recipients, reducing the risk of transplant rejection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CD8 T cells recognize HLA class I-peptide complexes on infected or transplanted cells, triggering cytotoxic effector mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HLA diversity can complicate finding compatible donors for specific populations, as some unique alleles may not be present in others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow, stem cells, blood transfusions, and tissues such as skin and corneas can also be transplanted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MHC molecules present pathogen-derived peptides to T cells, facilitating the recognition and response to infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HLA mismatched molecules trigger the host immune response, leading to transplant rejection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperacute rejection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HLA matching is a predictor of graft survival and patient survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute rejection causes tubulointerstitial damage and can lead to graft dysfunction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic rejection leads to vascular narrowing, interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A positive crossmatch test excludes donors for recipients with high levels of HLA antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HLA matching, waiting time, and clinical need are considered for kidney allocation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repeated HLA mismatches are particularly harmful and increase the risk of rejection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunosuppressive drugs can lead to an increased risk of infections and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HLA-DR mismatching is associated with increased immunoreactivity one year post-transplant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>UW solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The maximum acceptable WIT for liver donation is 30-60 minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combine two kidneys for transplantation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac donors are less preferred due to longer WIT, which can compromise organ viability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To seal the blood vessel without direct contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mechanical device to push the ribcage up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The preferred CIT for a liver transplant is within 6-9 hours, as it preserves organ viability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three bags: UW solution, ice chips, and extra protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two common causes of death leading to organ donation are aneurysm and stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>UW solution is used to minimize cell metabolism and maintain cell membrane stability during liver perfusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IBC top, IBC lower, and portal vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To join the IVC on top of itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anatomical structures such as accessory vessels and surrounding anatomy are assessed for successful transplantation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By removing the clot or establishing a bypass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bile in the gallbladder acts as a chemical stimulus to the biliary system, influencing bile duct function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A marginal liver is one that is neither too good nor too bad, often declining over 50% fatty liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Death certification, donor consent, and next of kin consent are required.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Irreversible cessation of circulation of blood or irreversible cessation of all brain function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trauma and spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures the accuracy and legitimacy of the death certification process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are responsible for obtaining consent and facilitating the donation process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clinical testing and radiological imaging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two medical practitioners must declare it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves declaring death after the cessation of circulation, followed by planned withdrawal of treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How and where death occurs are critical factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is made independently before considering donation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide families with the necessary information to make informed decisions about donation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through collection of donor information including medical history and tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Designated Officer ensures the death determination and consent processes are followed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurological death occurs with catastrophic brain injury, while circulatory death involves cessation of circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe irreversible brain injury or ventilator-dependent quadriplegia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consent is required from the senior next of kin or the donor’s prior wishes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Families have the right to receive complete information for making enduring decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deaths from unnatural or unknown causes can still allow organ or tissue donation once resolved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Criteria include blood type, size match, and recipient's urgency of need.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The atmosphere is to be respectful, dignified, and professional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves consent, investigations, organ offers, and follow-up with families.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone morphology consists of 60% inorganic material (calcium and phosphorus) and 30% organic material (collagen and non-collagenous proteins).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation, while osteoclasts aid in bone resorption, creating a balance essential for bone health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are growth factors that stimulate the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into osteoblasts, promoting bone growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone substitutes should be osteoconductive and biologically safe with minimal risk of disease transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autografts use the patient's own bone, which is considered the gold standard for bone regeneration due to its compatibility and low risk of rejection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoinduction can be active, involving growth factors, or passive, relying on environmental factors; both stimulate undifferentiated cells to become osteoprogenitor cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A high surface area enhances osteoconduction, promoting better cell adhesion and growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancellous bone provides great osteoconduction but less structural support, while cortical bone offers strong support but has a slower incorporation rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DBM has variable osteoinductivity and is demineralized, while OP-1 is exclusively osteoinductive and combines collagen with BMP-7.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xenografts are commonly used for dental implants, heart valves, and skin grafts.</p> Signup and view all the answers