أسئلة المحاضرة الـ 11 رمد (قبل التعديل)

A type of myopia where the eyeball's length increases, causing light to focus in front of the retina.

Myopia caused by changes in the refractive index of the lens nucleus, often seen in nuclear cataracts.

Myopia resulting from abnormal curvatures of the eye's lens or cornea (e.g., lenticonus, keratoconus).

A visible area of exposed choroidal pigment on the temporal side of the optic disc, often seen in axial myopia.

Bulging of the sclera at the posterior pole of the eye due to thinning, often in myopia.

Symptoms include blurry distance vision, squinting, and difficulty with night vision.

Damage to the choroid and retina, frequently found in high myopia.

Potential complications include vitreous degeneration, retinal tears or hemorrhages, and retinal detachment.

Rigid gas permeable contact lenses act as a secondary surface for the eye, correcting irregularities of the cornea to improve vision.

A difference in the refraction of more than 1 diopter between the two eyes.

A group of symptoms, including headache, eye strain, and burning sensation, often connected with near work, particularly in artificial light.

Difficulty focusing on near objects due to aging, and weakening of the eye's ability to adjust focus.

Visual fatigue due to focusing issues, often associated with conditions like hypermetropia, astigmatism, and anisometropia

A surgical procedure where the cornea is replaced or repaired surgically (a last resort).

Presbyopia occurs because the eye's lens fibers stiffen (sclerosed), and the ciliary muscle weakens, decreasing the eye's focusing ability.

Typical symptoms include difficulty with near vision, often starting around age 40 in healthy eyes, and occurring earlier in hypermetropic eyes, and later in myopic eyes.

Surgical procedures focusing on the lens to correct vision problems.

Surgical procedures on the cornea to correct vision problems.

Incisional corneal surgery that flattens the cornea, reducing myopia.

A type of RK focusing on correcting astigmatism using asymmetric incisions.

Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis; a flap is created and the cornea is reshaped.

Photorefractive keratectomy; removes corneal tissue directly to reshape the cornea.

LASIK procedure utilizing a femtosecond laser for creating the corneal flap.

Combination of corneal & lenticular procedures to correct refraction.

A laser eye surgery to correct myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism by reshaping the cornea's surface.

A laser eye surgery involving creating a hinged flap in the cornea and then reshaping the exposed part to correct refractive errors.

Astigmatism that develops after a keratoplasty (cornea transplant) procedure.

A type of laser used in PRK and LASIK to precisely reshape the cornea.

Cloudiness in the cornea that can affect vision after PRK.

Using laser eye surgery to treat nearsightedness.

Surgical instrument used to create the flap in LASIK.

A thin layer of tissue lifted from the cornea in LASIK.

LASIK procedure using femtosecond lasers for precise flap creation (100-120 microns thick), offering quick, pain-free visual results but more expensive and requiring skill.

Potential complications include flap wrinkling (striae), insufficient stromal tissue, and stromal flap interface issues (like ingrowth problems).

Small ring implants placed in the mid-corneal periphery to reshape the anterior corneal surface and correct myopia, but has limitations.

Limited correction range, induced astigmatism, and slow recovery are drawbacks of ICRS used for myopia correction.

Non-invasive procedure using radio frequency to induce peripheral shrinkage, thus central steepening, for mild to moderate hyperopia, or presbyopia treatment.

Corneal Collagen Crosslinking (CK) results usually regress over time, and re-treatment may be necessary.

Theory suggesting that removing material from the central cornea or adding material to the periphery flattens the central surface, while the opposite actions steepen it.

Thickness of the corneal flap in LASIK impacts the visual outcome and the amount of refractive error corrected, with thicker and smaller implants leading to higher results.

A laser that cuts the corneal flap in LASIK surgery, offering advantages over microkeratomes in terms of precision and safety.

Problems like buttonholes, free caps, and incomplete cuts that can arise in LASIK surgery from the creation of the corneal flap.

Refractive lenticule extraction: A procedure using a femtosecond laser to create a pocket in the cornea for removing a lenticule (small piece of cornea) to correct vision.

Small Incision Lenticule Extraction: A laser-assisted vision correction procedure that removes a lenticule from the cornea through a small incision to correct refractive errors.

Gas bubbles that may accumulate in the LASIK flap interface, sometimes interfering with the laser tracking system.

Glare seen after LASIK surgery caused by micro-irregularities formed on the back surface of the flap.

Inflammation of the cornea's layers, a potential complication of LASIK (and specifically photodisruption).

A benefit of refractive lenticule extraction procedures, like SMILE, resulting in less post-operative dryness.

A normal eye where parallel light rays focus directly on the retina without adjustment.

A refractive error where parallel light rays focus in front of the retina.

Abnormal length of the eyeball resulting in refractive errors like myopia or hypermetropia.

A condition where light rays do not focus accurately on the retina.

A method to examine the eye's refraction using a mirror and light source.

An instrument used to quickly determine eye refraction.

A refractive error where parallel light rays focus behind the retina.

The imaginary line passing through the center of the eye's refractive elements to the fovea.

Myopia caused by an elongated eyeball, making light focus in front of the retina.

Myopia related to changes in the lens' refractive index, often due to cataracts.

Myopia caused by abnormal lens or cornea curvature (e.g., lenticonus, keratoconus).

Exposed choroidal pigment at the optic disc's temporal side, relating to myopia.

Sclera bulging at back of eye due to thinning. Often connected with myopia.

Blurry distance vision, squinting, difficulty with night vision, and possible squint.

Damage to the choroid and retina, frequently connected with high myopia.

Potential complications include vitreous problems, retinal tears, and detachment.

Contact lenses used for aesthetic reasons, not to correct vision.

Improved field of vision, no frame restrictions, avoids spherical and chromatic aberrations.

Requires specific care (cleanliness and storage), potential for intolerance (foreign body/allergy), and risk of corneal trauma/infection.

Possible issues like allergic conjunctivitis, corneal edema/vascularization/ulcers due to improper use/infection, all requiring proper hygiene and solution use.

Treatment options when glasses/contact lenses can't correct vision effectively or are not tolerable; often needed due to optical, mechanical, cosmetic, or occupational reasons.

Glasses with multiple focus points for near and far vision.

Implanted lenses used during cataract surgery that adjust focus.

Implanted lenses with multiple focal points for near and far vision during cataract surgery.

Durable, rigid contact lenses made of PMMA.

Comfortable contact lenses made of HEMA.

Contact lenses that minimize corneal hypoxia.

Correct refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism.

Contact lenses used to promote healing or support treatment in eye conditions.

Incisional corneal surgery that flattens the cornea, reducing myopia.

A type of RK focusing on correcting astigmatism using asymmetric incisions.

Surgical procedures focusing on the lens to correct vision problems.

Surgical procedures on the cornea to correct vision problems.

Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis; a flap is created and the cornea is reshaped.

Photorefractive keratectomy; removes corneal tissue directly to reshape the cornea.

LASIK procedure utilizing a femtosecond laser for creating the corneal flap.

Combination of corneal & lenticular procedures to correct refraction.

Unwanted astigmatism resulting from procedures meant to correct vision (especially in refractive surgery).

Procedure to correct myopia between -16 to -26 diopters by modifying the eye's lens.

Abnormally long eyeball (axial length) causing images to focus in front of the retina.

Implanted lens without removing the natural lens. Lens placed in the front or back of the iris.

Patients over 21 years old, stable vision, healthy endothelium, sufficient anterior chamber depth.

Active eye diseases, prior surgeries, high intraocular pressure, or specific conditions like cataracts.

Post-surgical vision correction may not be perfectly accurate, resulting in over or under correction.

The eye's ability to adjust its focus for near objects is reduced after the procedure.

Normal eye where parallel light rays focus directly on the retina without any adjustment.

Refractive error where parallel light rays focus in front of the retina.

Refractive error where parallel light rays focus behind the retina.

Abnormal eyeball length causing myopia or hypermetropia.

Condition where light rays don't focus accurately on the retina.

Method to examine eye refraction using a mirror and light source.

Instrument for quickly determining eye refraction.

Imaginary line through the eye's refractive parts to the fovea.

Contact lenses primarily used for aesthetic reasons, not for correcting vision.

Improved field of vision, no frame restrictions, and no spherical/chromatic aberrations.

Requires specialized care, potential for intolerance/allergies, and a slight increase in infection risks.

When glasses or contact lenses are ineffective or unsuitable, due to various reasons like optical issues, physical limitations, or personal preferences.

Preference for a good eye look, particularly important for females who are apprehensive about wearing glasses.

Myopia caused by an elongated eyeball, focusing light in front of the retina.

Myopia from changes in the lens' refractive index, often seen in cataracts.

Myopia due to abnormal lens or cornea curvature (e.g., lenticonus, keratoconus).

Exposed choroidal pigment on the temporal side of the optic disc, common in axial myopia.

Bulging sclera at the back of the eye due to thinning, common in myopia.

Blurry distance vision, squinting, difficulty with night vision (in progressive myopia), and "muscae volitantes".

Damage to the choroid and retina, often found in high myopia.

Potential problems include vitreous degeneration, retinal tears/hemorrhages, and retinal detachment.

An unwanted astigmatism arising from procedures meant to correct vision, mainly in refractive surgery.

A procedure to correct moderate myopia (-16 to -26 diopters) by changing the lens's power to refract the light precisely on the retina.

An abnormally long eyeball (axial length) that causes light to focus in front of the retina.

An intraocular lens implanted into the eye without removing the natural lens; the lens is positioned in front or behind the iris.

Patients over 21, with stable vision, healthy endothelial cells, and adequate anterior chamber depth (ACD) are suitable candidates.

Patients with active eye conditions, previous surgeries, high intraocular pressure (IOP), cataracts, and certain systemic diseases are unsuitable.

Post-surgical vision correction may not be perfectly accurate, leading to slight over or under correction.

The eye's ability to adjust for near vision is reduced or lost after the procedure.

Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis using a femtosecond laser to create the corneal flap, improving precision and safety compared to conventional methods.

Problems like buttonholes, free cuts, or incomplete cuts that can occur during LASIK flap creation, potentially impacting visual outcomes.

Femtosecond laser-assisted procedure where a corneal lenticule is extracted to correct refractive errors with a small incision, avoiding the creation of a flap.

Laser-assisted procedure for refractive correction using a lenticule extraction and a smaller incision than RELEX, potentially minimizing complications.

Gas bubbles accumulating in the cornea, which may occasionally interfere with the excimer laser's tracking system during LASIK.

Glare experienced after LASIK surgery due to micro-irregularities on the back surface of the flap, impacting vision quality.

Inflammation of the layers of the cornea, a potential complication of LASIK, specifically related to photodisruption.

A potential advantage compared to other LASIK procedures, less postoperative dryness is experienced due to smaller incisions.

LASIK procedure using a femtosecond laser for precise flap creation, resulting in quick, pain-free visual results, but is more expensive and requires greater skill.

Potential issues arising from LASIK flap creation, including flap wrinkling, insufficient stromal tissue, and stromal flap interface problems (e.g., epithelial ingrowth).

Small ring implants placed in the mid-periphery of the cornea to reshape the anterior surface and correct myopia.

Drawbacks of using ICRS for myopia correction, including limited range of correction, potential for induced astigmatism, and slower visual recovery.

Non-invasive procedure using radio frequency to shrink the peripheral cornea and steepen the central area, treating mild-to-moderate hyperopia and potentially presbyopia.

Corneal Collagen Crosslinking results typically regress over time, potentially requiring repeat treatments.

Theoretical principle that removing material from the cornea's center or adding it to the periphery flattens the central surface, while the opposite actions steepen it.

Thickness of the corneal flap created during LASIK surgery impacts the corrected refractive error and surgical outcome, with thicker, smaller implants generally leading to higher refractive results.

A cataract type caused by poor lens nutrition.

High myopia can sometimes be connected to simple glaucoma.

Progressive optic nerve damage.

Hypermetropia (farsightedness) caused by variations in eye shape and components.

Hypermetropia caused by a shorter than usual eyeball.

A surgical procedure that creates incisions in the cornea to correct myopia.

Laser reshaping of the central cornea.

Hypermetropia is often noticed as blurry near vision accompanied by headaches or eye strain.

A refractive error where the eye has different refractive powers in different meridians.

The most common type of astigmatism, usually congenital, and may be induced by surgical or traumatic scars, or ectatic diseases.

Astigmatism arising from problems with the crystalline lens, such as subluxation or tilted IOLs.

Astigmatism where one meridian is emmetropic (normal) and the other is ametropic (abnormal, myopic or hypermetropic).

Astigmatism where both meridians have the same type of ametropia (either both myopic or both hypermetropic).

Astigmatism where one meridian is myopic and the other is hypermetropic.

Common symptoms include blurry vision and accommodative asthenopia (eye strain).

Diagnosis often involves using specialized tools like placido disc keratometers and corneal topography to analyze the corneal curvature.

Glasses with multiple focal points to improve vision for both near and far distances.

Rigid contact lenses made of Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).

Comfortable contact lenses made of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) or related polymer.

Hybrid contact lenses that balance durability and corneal oxygenation

Correct refractive errors (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism) and improve vision.

Contact lenses used for healing or aiding in treatment of eye conditions.

Contact lenses enhancing vision and reducing injury risk in high-impact sports or special job settings

Implanted lenses during cataract surgery for vision correction at various distances.

An unwanted astigmatism resulting from procedures intended to correct vision, especially in refractive surgery.

A procedure used to correct myopia (nearsightedness) between -16 and -26 diopters by altering the eye's lens.

An abnormally long eyeball (axial length) causes light to focus in front of the retina.

An intraocular lens implanted without removing the natural lens. Placed in front or behind the iris.

Individuals over 21 with stable vision, healthy endothelium, and adequate anterior chamber depth are suitable.

Conditions such as active eye diseases, prior eye surgeries, high intraocular pressure, or cataracts make the procedure unsuitable.

The accuracy of vision correction after surgery might not be perfect, leading to over or under correction.

The eye's ability to adjust focus for near objects decreases after the procedure.

LASIK procedure using a femtosecond laser for precise corneal flap creation (100-120 microns thick), resulting in rapid visual results and reduced pain.

Potential problems during or after LASIK surgery related to the corneal flap, including wrinkling (striae), insufficient stromal tissue, and interface issues.

Small ring implants placed in the mid-corneal periphery to reshape the anterior corneal surface, used to correct myopia.

Drawbacks of using ICRS for myopia correction, including limited corrective range, induced astigmatism, and slower visual recovery.

Non-invasive procedure using radio frequency to induce peripheral corneal shrinkage, resulting in central steepening, targeting mild-to-moderate hyperopia and possibly presbyopia.

Corneal Collagen Crosslinking (CK) often produces results that gradually revert over time, potentially requiring retreatment.

Theory relating to corneal reshaping: removing material from the central cornea or adding material to the periphery flattens the central surface, while the opposite actions steepen it.

Thickness of the corneal flap in LASIK procedures directly affects the outcomes and amount of refractive error corrected. Thicker and smaller devices generally lead to larger refractive outcomes, but thicker flaps take more tissue.

A type of phakic IOL that is implanted in the anterior chamber, with its support coming from the chamber angle.

Phakic IOL where the lens is attached to the iris, often causing dislocation or decentering.

Phakic IOLs placed behind the iris.

A popular phakic IOL, designed to correct refractive errors by modifying the eye's lens.

Infrared laser used in ophthalmic procedures, like creating LASIK flaps and other refractive procedures.

Process of tissue damage caused by laser light, using either FS Laser or Nd: YAG laser.