Reformation and European Exploration

Martin Luther's belief that the Bible should be the ultimate authority, not the Church.

Martin Luther's belief that everyone is equal in God's eyes, regardless of their role in the Church.

The Church's response to the Reformation by condemning Luther's teachings and launching its own reforms.

The desire for wealth, trade, and new resources drove European exploration.

European nations competed for power and control of trade routes, leading to exploration.

A philosophical movement during the European Renaissance that emphasized human potential and classical learning, focusing on individual achievements and the value of human reason.

A person with expertise in multiple disciplines, embodying the ideals of the Renaissance, excelling in areas like art, science, literature, and philosophy.

The decline of the Native American population in Mexico during the 16th century, shown in a graph, indicates a significant and rapid decrease in the population, primarily driven by factors such as disease, forced labor, and conflict.

The Renaissance began in Italy due to its thriving city-states, wealthy merchants, and strategic location for trade. These factors allowed for the revival of classical learning and the flourishing of arts and culture.

The Reformation was a movement that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church, advocating for reform through theological changes. It was spearheaded by individuals like Martin Luther, Jan Hus, and John Wycliffe, who emphasized scriptural authority and individual faith.

The journey of Mansa Musa, the powerful ruler of the Mali Empire, to Mecca in the 14th century. This pilgrimage was significant for its impact on trade and awareness of Mali's wealth.

The societal structure of Medieval Europe, represented as a pyramid with clear social hierarchy ranging from the highest rank of the Pope to the lowest rank of peasants.

The main motivation for the Crusades, a series of religious wars, was to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control and spread Christianity. Both the Church and individual crusaders had specific goals, including seeking religious dominance.

The items traded on the Silk Road, a historical network of trade routes, were often luxury goods due to their high demand and scarcity. Examples include silk, spices, precious metals, gems, and fine ceramics.

The act of traveling to Mecca for a pilgrimage, considered a fundamental duty in Islam.

The Silk Roads primarily traded luxury goods and exchanged cultural ideas, while the Indian Trade Complex focused on bulk commodities transported through maritime routes and established coastal trade communities.

Culture spreads through the exchange of ideas and religious beliefs along trade networks. Examples include Islam, Buddhism, and other religions spreading along the Indian Ocean, Silk Road, and Trans-Saharan routes.

The Ottoman Empire (Southeast Europe, Western Asia, North Africa), Safavid Iran, and Mughal India (Indian subcontinent) are known as the "Gunpowder Empires" due to their military reliance on gunpowder weapons.

The Ottoman Devshirme System involved the recruitment of Christian boys who were converted to Islam and trained for military service. It was a unique aspect of Ottoman expansion.

The '3Gs' refer to the motivations behind European exploration: Gold (wealth), Glory (expansion), and God (converting indigenous people). These factors drove voyages across the globe.

A monotheistic religion that emphasizes belief in one God, who is known as Allah in Arabic. The Quran is the holy book of Islam, guiding followers' beliefs and practices.

The Abbasid Caliphate was a period of remarkable cultural and scientific achievement in Islamic history. It is known for its advancements in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and literature. This period is often referred to as the "Golden Age of Islam."

The Trans-Saharan Trade connected North Africa with West Africa, facilitated by caravans traversing the Sahara Desert. It was a major network for exchanging goods like gold, salt, and unfortunately, enslaved people.

Favorable geography, abundant resources, developed agriculture, complex sociopolitical structures, and extensive trade networks all played a crucial role in the success of many West African civilizations.

The Seljuk Turks were known for their military conquests and contributions to culture and architecture. They introduced architectural innovations, such as the use of domes and minarets, which still influence Islamic architecture today.

A system of thought that emphasizes social harmony, with five key relationships: ruler-subject, father-son, husband-wife, elder brother-younger brother, and friend-friend.

A system of thought that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao, the natural order of the universe.

A system of thought that emphasizes strict laws and harsh punishments to establish strong centralized states.

The belief that the emperor's right to rule is given by Heaven, and that if he loses the Mandate, he loses his right to rule.

The cyclical rise and fall of dynasties in Chinese history, often marked by periods of good and bad governance.