Reflexives and Antecedents in Sentence Clauses
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Questions and Answers

What is the condition that must be satisfied for reflexives to be grammatical?

  • The reflexive must have a local antecedent. (correct)
  • The reflexive must have a global antecedent.
  • The reflexive must have a remote antecedent.
  • The reflexive must have a distant antecedent.

    • What is the function of PRO in the sentence 'John wants [TP PRO [T to] prove himself]'?

  • PRO is the antecedent of himself.
  • PRO is the antecedent of John.
  • PRO is controlled by John. (correct)
  • PRO is a type of reflexive.

    • What is the relationship between PRO and himself in the sentence 'John wants [TP PRO [T to] prove himself]'?

  • Himself is the antecedent of PRO.
  • PRO is the antecedent of himself. (correct)
  • PRO and himself have no relationship.
  • PRO and himself are coreferential.

    • Why is the sentence 'John wants [to prove himself]' grammatical?

    <p>The reflexive 'himself' has a local antecedent within the bracketed clause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between 'himself' and 'John' in the sentence 'John wants [to prove himself]'?

    <p>Himself is coreferential to John.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the assumption made about the bracketed clause in 'John wants [to prove himself]'?

    <p>The bracketed clause has a PRO subject of its own.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of introducing a silent spellout of a complementiser in structures like (101)?

    <p>To avoid phonetic features of the complementiser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe verbs like 'want' in earlier work?

    <p>For-deletion verbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of sentences is the use of a null counterpart of 'for' obligatory?

    <p>When the complement clause immediately follows the verb 'want'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the Empty Category Principle (82) on null complementisers?

    <p>They must be adjacent to the verb 'want'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the alternative account of the absence of 'for' in certain structures?

    <p>Null counterpart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required when the complement clause is separated from the verb 'want' in some way?

    <p>The overt variant 'for' must be used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the case of the subject in defective clauses when the subject is passivized?

    <p>Nominative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the null counterpart of 'for'?

    <p>It has a somewhat different distribution than the overt variant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for the complementiser in focus position in a pseudo-cleft sentence?

    <p>It must be the overt variant 'for'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of clauses may lack a CP layer according to the text?

    <p>Root infinitive clauses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of constituents have no overt phonetic form but have specific grammatical and semantic properties?

    <p>Null constituents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of clauses contain a null PRO subject according to the text?

    <p>Control infinitive clauses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of clauses are argued to contain a null T constituent?

    <p>Auxiliariless indicative clauses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What operation is used to lower the abstract tense affix onto the main verb?

    <p>Affix Hopping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of clauses are argued to contain a null counterpart of the modal auxiliary 'should'?

    <p>Subjunctive clauses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of clauses are argued to be TPs headed by a null variant of infinitival 'to'?

    <p>Bare infinitive clauses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the initial /h/ segment of the perfect auxiliary form 'have' when it is unstressed?

    <p>It is lost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do some people write 'You should of been there' instead of 'You should have been there'?

    <p>Because 'of' is pronounced similarly to 'have' when unstressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the vowel of 'have' when it is used with a subject ending in a vowel or diphthong?

    <p>It is lost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of 'have' losing its vowel when used with a subject ending in a vowel or diphthong?

    <p>It encliticises onto its subject</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't 'have' cliticise onto 'she' in the sentence 'He could have helped her or she've helped him'?

    <p>Because 'she' is a subject that blocks cliticisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of the operation that allows 'have' to cliticise onto its subject?

    <p>A phonological operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phonological condition on the application of 'have' cliticisation?

    <p>The subject must end in a vowel or diphthong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the syntactic movement operation in English?

    <p>A constituent is moved to the front of a sentence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of substituting an infinitive clause with a finite clause in a sentence like (9a)?

    <p>The subject of the clause becomes overt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary condition for a control clause to be paraphrased by a finite clause with an overt subject?

    <p>The verb must be able to take both an infinitive complement and a finite complement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evidence from the syntax of reflexive anaphors that supports the existence of a null PRO subject?

    <p>Reflexives require a local antecedent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of 'local antecedent' in the context of reflexive anaphors?

    <p>A clausemate antecedent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is sentence (10a) grammatical?

    <p>Because the reflexive has a local antecedent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is sentence (10b) ungrammatical?

    <p>Because the reflexive does not have a clausemate antecedent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the bracketed clause in sentence (9b)?

    <p>It is a finite complement clause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the verb 'want' in the context of control verbs?

    <p>It is a control verb that cannot take a finite complement clause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reflexives and Antecedents

    • Reflexives require a local antecedent, which means an antecedent contained within the same clause/TP as the reflexive.
    • In sentences like "John wants [to prove himself]", the reflexive "himself" has a local antecedent "John" within the same bracketed clause.

    Null PRO Subjects

    • A null PRO subject is assumed in bracketed clauses like "[TP PRO [T to] prove himself]".
    • The null PRO subject serves as a clausemate antecedent for the reflexive "himself".
    • The null PRO subject is controlled by the higher subject "John", making "himself" coreferential with "John".

    Control Infinitive Clauses

    • Control infinitive clauses have a null PRO subject, which can refer to a constituent within a higher clause or have arbitrary reference.
    • The null PRO subject can be controlled by a higher subject, as in "Jim promised [PRO to come to my party]".

    Elliptical Clauses

    • Elliptical clauses like "[she have helped him]" are TPs headed by a null (ellipsed) tense auxiliary.

    Null T Analysis

    • The null T analysis is extended to auxiliariless indicative clauses like "He enjoys syntax", which contain a TP headed by an abstract tense affix.
    • The abstract tense affix is lowered onto the main verb by the morphological operation of Affix Hopping in the PF component.

    Subjunctive Clauses

    • Subjunctive clauses contain a null T constituent, which may be a null counterpart of the modal auxiliary "should" or an inherently null subjunctive auxiliary.

    Bare Infinitive Clauses

    • Bare infinitive clauses like "[you have my password]" are TPs headed by a null variant of infinitival "to".

    Small Clauses

    • Small clauses like "[Mary the best candidate]" are TPs containing a null counterpart of infinitival "to" and a null variant of the verb "be".

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    Description

    This quiz covers the concepts of reflexives and antecedents in sentence clauses, including local antecedents and null PRO subjects.

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