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Questions and Answers
What is the condition that must be satisfied for reflexives to be grammatical?
What is the condition that must be satisfied for reflexives to be grammatical?
- The reflexive must have a local antecedent. (correct)
- The reflexive must have a global antecedent.
- The reflexive must have a remote antecedent.
- The reflexive must have a distant antecedent.
What is the function of PRO in the sentence 'John wants [TP PRO [T to] prove himself]'?
What is the function of PRO in the sentence 'John wants [TP PRO [T to] prove himself]'?
- PRO is the antecedent of himself.
- PRO is the antecedent of John.
- PRO is controlled by John. (correct)
- PRO is a type of reflexive.
What is the relationship between PRO and himself in the sentence 'John wants [TP PRO [T to] prove himself]'?
What is the relationship between PRO and himself in the sentence 'John wants [TP PRO [T to] prove himself]'?
- Himself is the antecedent of PRO.
- PRO is the antecedent of himself. (correct)
- PRO and himself have no relationship.
- PRO and himself are coreferential.
Why is the sentence 'John wants [to prove himself]' grammatical?
Why is the sentence 'John wants [to prove himself]' grammatical?
What is the relationship between 'himself' and 'John' in the sentence 'John wants [to prove himself]'?
What is the relationship between 'himself' and 'John' in the sentence 'John wants [to prove himself]'?
What is the assumption made about the bracketed clause in 'John wants [to prove himself]'?
What is the assumption made about the bracketed clause in 'John wants [to prove himself]'?
What is the purpose of introducing a silent spellout of a complementiser in structures like (101)?
What is the purpose of introducing a silent spellout of a complementiser in structures like (101)?
What is the term used to describe verbs like 'want' in earlier work?
What is the term used to describe verbs like 'want' in earlier work?
In what type of sentences is the use of a null counterpart of 'for' obligatory?
In what type of sentences is the use of a null counterpart of 'for' obligatory?
What is the consequence of the Empty Category Principle (82) on null complementisers?
What is the consequence of the Empty Category Principle (82) on null complementisers?
What is the term used to describe the alternative account of the absence of 'for' in certain structures?
What is the term used to describe the alternative account of the absence of 'for' in certain structures?
What is required when the complement clause is separated from the verb 'want' in some way?
What is required when the complement clause is separated from the verb 'want' in some way?
What is the case of the subject in defective clauses when the subject is passivized?
What is the case of the subject in defective clauses when the subject is passivized?
What is the characteristic of the null counterpart of 'for'?
What is the characteristic of the null counterpart of 'for'?
What is the requirement for the complementiser in focus position in a pseudo-cleft sentence?
What is the requirement for the complementiser in focus position in a pseudo-cleft sentence?
What type of clauses may lack a CP layer according to the text?
What type of clauses may lack a CP layer according to the text?
What type of constituents have no overt phonetic form but have specific grammatical and semantic properties?
What type of constituents have no overt phonetic form but have specific grammatical and semantic properties?
What type of clauses contain a null PRO subject according to the text?
What type of clauses contain a null PRO subject according to the text?
What type of clauses are argued to contain a null T constituent?
What type of clauses are argued to contain a null T constituent?
What operation is used to lower the abstract tense affix onto the main verb?
What operation is used to lower the abstract tense affix onto the main verb?
What type of clauses are argued to contain a null counterpart of the modal auxiliary 'should'?
What type of clauses are argued to contain a null counterpart of the modal auxiliary 'should'?
What type of clauses are argued to be TPs headed by a null variant of infinitival 'to'?
What type of clauses are argued to be TPs headed by a null variant of infinitival 'to'?
What happens to the initial /h/ segment of the perfect auxiliary form 'have' when it is unstressed?
What happens to the initial /h/ segment of the perfect auxiliary form 'have' when it is unstressed?
Why do some people write 'You should of been there' instead of 'You should have been there'?
Why do some people write 'You should of been there' instead of 'You should have been there'?
What happens to the vowel of 'have' when it is used with a subject ending in a vowel or diphthong?
What happens to the vowel of 'have' when it is used with a subject ending in a vowel or diphthong?
What is the result of 'have' losing its vowel when used with a subject ending in a vowel or diphthong?
What is the result of 'have' losing its vowel when used with a subject ending in a vowel or diphthong?
Why can't 'have' cliticise onto 'she' in the sentence 'He could have helped her or she've helped him'?
Why can't 'have' cliticise onto 'she' in the sentence 'He could have helped her or she've helped him'?
What is the nature of the operation that allows 'have' to cliticise onto its subject?
What is the nature of the operation that allows 'have' to cliticise onto its subject?
What is the phonological condition on the application of 'have' cliticisation?
What is the phonological condition on the application of 'have' cliticisation?
What is the result of the syntactic movement operation in English?
What is the result of the syntactic movement operation in English?
What is the result of substituting an infinitive clause with a finite clause in a sentence like (9a)?
What is the result of substituting an infinitive clause with a finite clause in a sentence like (9a)?
What is a necessary condition for a control clause to be paraphrased by a finite clause with an overt subject?
What is a necessary condition for a control clause to be paraphrased by a finite clause with an overt subject?
What is the evidence from the syntax of reflexive anaphors that supports the existence of a null PRO subject?
What is the evidence from the syntax of reflexive anaphors that supports the existence of a null PRO subject?
What is the meaning of 'local antecedent' in the context of reflexive anaphors?
What is the meaning of 'local antecedent' in the context of reflexive anaphors?
Why is sentence (10a) grammatical?
Why is sentence (10a) grammatical?
Why is sentence (10b) ungrammatical?
Why is sentence (10b) ungrammatical?
What is the function of the bracketed clause in sentence (9b)?
What is the function of the bracketed clause in sentence (9b)?
What is the significance of the verb 'want' in the context of control verbs?
What is the significance of the verb 'want' in the context of control verbs?
Study Notes
Reflexives and Antecedents
- Reflexives require a local antecedent, which means an antecedent contained within the same clause/TP as the reflexive.
- In sentences like "John wants [to prove himself]", the reflexive "himself" has a local antecedent "John" within the same bracketed clause.
Null PRO Subjects
- A null PRO subject is assumed in bracketed clauses like "[TP PRO [T to] prove himself]".
- The null PRO subject serves as a clausemate antecedent for the reflexive "himself".
- The null PRO subject is controlled by the higher subject "John", making "himself" coreferential with "John".
Control Infinitive Clauses
- Control infinitive clauses have a null PRO subject, which can refer to a constituent within a higher clause or have arbitrary reference.
- The null PRO subject can be controlled by a higher subject, as in "Jim promised [PRO to come to my party]".
Elliptical Clauses
- Elliptical clauses like "[she have helped him]" are TPs headed by a null (ellipsed) tense auxiliary.
Null T Analysis
- The null T analysis is extended to auxiliariless indicative clauses like "He enjoys syntax", which contain a TP headed by an abstract tense affix.
- The abstract tense affix is lowered onto the main verb by the morphological operation of Affix Hopping in the PF component.
Subjunctive Clauses
- Subjunctive clauses contain a null T constituent, which may be a null counterpart of the modal auxiliary "should" or an inherently null subjunctive auxiliary.
Bare Infinitive Clauses
- Bare infinitive clauses like "[you have my password]" are TPs headed by a null variant of infinitival "to".
Small Clauses
- Small clauses like "[Mary the best candidate]" are TPs containing a null counterpart of infinitival "to" and a null variant of the verb "be".
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Description
This quiz covers the concepts of reflexives and antecedents in sentence clauses, including local antecedents and null PRO subjects.
