Reducing and Enlarging Pharmaceutical Formulas

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Questions and Answers

If 5000 capsules of the triple estrogen formula are to be manufactured, how many grams of mineral oil are needed?

  • 175 g (correct)
  • 500 g
  • 40 g
  • 200 g

A formula for an ophthalmic solution requires 500 mg of erythromycin lactobionate for every 100 mL. How much erythromycin lactobionate is needed for 15 mL of this solution?

  • 150 mg
  • 37.5 mg
  • 75 mg (correct)
  • 50 mg

How many milligrams of alefacept are in 0.6 mL of the reconstituted AMEVIVE product?

  • 12.5 mg
  • 15 mg
  • 9 mg (correct)
  • 7.5 mg

What would be the combined total weight, in grams, of the polyethylene glycols (1450 and 3350) in the triple estrogen formula?

<p>40 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a batch of the triple estrogen capsules requires 1 kg of polyethylene glycol 3350, how many capsules are being manufactured?

<p>2500 capsules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total weight of the polyethylene glycols in formulation 9?

<p>2 kg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formulation includes the ingredient ergotamine tartrate?

<p>Formulation 17 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total amount of sodium bicarbonate in formulations 16 and 7 combined?

<p>477.959 g (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formulation includes the ingredient alefacept?

<p>Formulation 10 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total mass of the three different estrogens in formulation 9?

<p>12.5 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ingredients is present in formulation 18?

<p>Benzocaine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formulation contains sorbitol?

<p>Formulation 6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total amount in mEq of chloride in formulation 19?

<p>8.4 mEq (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a formula for calamine lotion requires 80 g of calamine and you need to make 240 mL of lotion, how much calamine is needed?

<p>19.2 g (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A calamine lotion formula calls for 20 mL of glycerin in a 1000 mL batch. How much glycerin is required to make 240 mL of the lotion?

<p>4.8 mL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a formula for calamine lotion, if 250 mL of bentonite magma is required for a 1000 mL batch, how much is needed for a 240 mL batch?

<p>60 mL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a formula needs 80 g of zinc oxide for 1000 mL of solution, how much zinc oxide is needed for 240 mL?

<p>19.2 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the polyvinyl alcohol formula, what is the total volume of the sterile sodium chloride solution after applying the factor of 3.6?

<p>360 mL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you need to scale up the polyvinyl alcohol formula by a factor of 2.5, what quantity of chlorobutanol is required?

<p>1.25 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A formula calls for 250 mL of ingredient 'X' to make 1000 mL product. What factor should be used to calculate the amount of ingredient 'X' if you need to make 240 mL of the product?

<p>0.24 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the calamine lotion example, what is the total volume of the solution that the original formula makes?

<p>1000 mL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the estradiol vaginal gel formula, what was the total weight of all ingredients before applying the scaling factor?

<p>296 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a formula for a product needed 500 mL of a base and you wanted to produce 100 mL, what factor would you use?

<p>0.20 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the estradiol vaginal gel formula, what is the scaling factor used to determine the amount of ingredients needed for 1 lb (454 g)?

<p>1.534 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you were to scale the estradiol vaginal gel to a total weight of 900 g, what would be the required amount of polysorbate 80, assuming the original ratio of ingredients is maintained?

<p>5.14 g (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the multiplying factor when scaling a formula?

<p>To adjust the amount of each ingredient to make a different total volume. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many grams of estradiol are needed to prepare 1 lb of estradiol vaginal gel?

<p>306.8 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the polyvinyl alcohol formula, what is the combined weight of polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, and chlorobutanol after applying the scaling factor of 3.6?

<p>9 g (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you need to prepare 2 lb of the estradiol vagainal gel, what amount of methylcellulose gel will you require?

<p>291.46 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A formula for a topical solution specifies 25 g of active ingredient per 500 mL. If a pharmacist wants to prepare only 200 mL of this solution, how many grams of active ingredient are needed?

<p>10 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A manufacturing process uses a formula with 1500mg of preservative per 100mL. If the batch size is to be 250mL, how much preservative is required?

<p>3750mg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A formula for a cream contains 12 g of cetyl alcohol in 60 grams of cream. What weight of cetyl alcohol is required for a total preparation of 90 grams of the same cream?

<p>18 g (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A formula calls for 500mg of a drug for 10 capsules. If a pharmacist needs to prepare 25 capsules, how many milligrams of the drug are needed?

<p>1250mg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A formula specifies 15 mL of glycerin in 250 mL of solution. If a pharmacist is preparing 60 mL of the same solution how much glycerin should be used?

<p>3.6 mL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An industrial formula for a lotion contains 20kg of cetrimide in 100kg of lotion. If a pharmacist requires 15kg of the same lotion, how many kilograms of cetrimide are required?

<p>3kg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A topical ointment requires 5g of menthol per 200g of ointment. How many grams of menthol are needed to make 75g of the same ointment?

<p>1.875g (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A formula for an oral suspension contains 100 mg of an active ingredient per 5 mL. If a pharmacist needs to prepare 120 mL of the suspension, how many milligrams of active ingredient are required?

<p>2400 mg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using the first formula provided, how many grams of tetracaine hydrochloride are present in a 30g batch?

<p>0.6 g (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sports rub cream formula, if you need to prepare 240 grams of cream, how much menthol do you need?

<p>24 g (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the electrolyte solution, how much sodium chloride is required to make 8 Liters of solution?

<p>29.2 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the suppository formula for migraine headaches, how much pentobarbital sodium is needed to prepare 250 suppositories?

<p>15 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you were to make 60 of the rectal suppositories, as per the second formula given, what quantity of polyethylene glycol 1000 would be needed in total?

<p>72 g (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using the sports rub cream formula, and given that the specific gravity of methyl salicylate is 1.18, how many grams of methyl salicylate are needed to prepare 300 g of cream?

<p>53.1 g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the electrolyte solution formula, what is the total mass of all the solid ingredients needed to make 2 liters of the solution?

<p>19.14 g (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you need to make 50 of the migraine headache suppositories, how much Hyoscyamine Sulfate is needed?

<p>0.0125 g (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Factor (in formula reduction/enlargement)

The amount by which a formula is reduced or enlarged. Determined by dividing the desired quantity by the original quantity.

Factor > 1

A value greater than 1 indicates the formula is being enlarged.

Factor < 1

A value less than 1 indicates the formula is being reduced.

Step 2 in reducing/enlarging formulas

Multiply each ingredient in the original formula by the factor to find the new quantities.

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Official formula

A formula that is based on a specific quantity, like 1000 mL or 1000 g.

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Non-official formula

A formula that is based on a unit dosage, like 1 capsule or 5 mL.

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Industrial formula

A formula that large enough to produce a significant quantity, like hundreds of thousands of dosage units.

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Factor equation

An equation used to calculate the factor for reducing or enlarging a formula.

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Formula Scaling

A process used to adjust the quantities of ingredients in a formula to produce a desired amount of a product.

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Scaling Factor

The number used to multiply each ingredient in a formula to obtain the desired quantity of the product.

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Original Formula Quantity

The initial quantity of each ingredient in a formula.

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Desired Quantity

The desired amount of the final product after scaling.

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Scaled Ingredient Quantity

The result of multiplying each original ingredient by the scaling factor.

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Calculating Scaled Quantities

The process of calculating the necessary quantities of each ingredient to produce the desired amount of product.

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Formula Scaling Equation

A mathematical expression for the relationship between the original formula quantities and the desired quantity.

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Reducing Formulas

A method used to calculate the quantity of each ingredient needed to make a specific amount of a solution or product, typically by dividing the desired quantity by the original quantity and multiplying the result by the original amount of each ingredient.

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Enlarging Formulas

A method used to calculate the quantity of each ingredient needed to make a larger amount of a solution or product, typically by multiplying the desired quantity by the original quantity and dividing the result by the original amount of each ingredient.

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Factor (in Pharmaceutical Calculations)

A numerical value representing the ratio between the desired quantity and the original quantity in a formula.

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Dimensional Analysis

A technique that sets up a fraction with the units of the original quantity in the denominator and the units of the desired quantity in the numerator, allowing for cancellation of units and calculation of the desired quantity. This method helps track the conversion of units and ensures a clear understanding of the relationship between the original and desired values.

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To Make (in Pharmaceutical Formulations)

The ingredient that represents the total volume of the final product.

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Quantity (in Pharmaceutical Formulations)

The quantity of active ingredients and excipients needed to prepare a specific amount of solution or product.

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Artificial Tears

A solution specifically formulated to be used for the purpose of artificial tears.

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Dozen (in Pharmaceutical Formulations)

A collection of 12 individual units.

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Pharmaceutical Calculation

The process of determining the amount of each ingredient needed to prepare a specific quantity of a pharmaceutical product.

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Weight/Weight Percentage (w/w)

The amount of a specific ingredient present in a mixture, expressed as a percentage (w/w) based on the weight of the total mixture.

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Dosage Form Calculation

The quantity of a specific ingredient needed to make a given number of dosage forms. The formula states the ingredients and their relative proportions, allowing you to calculate the exact quantities needed for different batch sizes.

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Pharmaceutical Formula

A product that contains multiple ingredients in specific amounts, designed to be used for a specific purpose.

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Specific Gravity

The weight of a substance compared to the weight of an equal volume of water at a specific temperature.

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Concentration (mg/100mL)

A unit of measurement used to express the amount of a substance in a solution, often in the context of medications. It represents the amount of solute per 100 milliliters (mL) of solution.

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Solution Preparation

The process of calculating the amount of each ingredient needed to prepare a specific volume of a solution. It involves applying specific concentrations, given in the formula, to determine the required amounts for a desired volume.

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Calculating Ingredient Quantities

A process that involves calculating the amount of each ingredient needed to make a specific quantity of a product.

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Weight/Weight (w/w) Concentration

The amount of a substance, expressed in relation to the total weight or volume of the mixture.

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Total Volume

The total volume of a solution, which is the sum of all its individual components. It's crucial for accurate calculations to ensure the correct concentration of each ingredient.

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Scaling Up a Formula

The process of converting a given formula or recipe to yield a different quantity of the product.

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Weight/Volume (w/v) Concentration

The amount of a substance present in a given volume of the mixture.

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Calculating Volume from Weight

The conversion of a given weight of a substance to its equivalent volume, based on its specific gravity.

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Pegfilgrastim Formulation

A formulation containing 600 g of pegfilgrastim, used for stimulating the production of white blood cells.

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Antidiarrheal Formulation

A formulation containing 576.923 g of calcium carbonate, 115.385 g of magnesium oxide, 461.539 g of sodium bicarbonate, 346.154 g of bismuth subcarbonate, used for treating diarrhea.

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Benzocaine Topical

A formulation containing 33.6 g of benzocaine, used for topical pain relief.

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Estrogen Replacement Therapy

A formulation containing 10 g of estriol, 1.25 g of estrone, 1.25 g of estradiol, 1 kg of polyethylene glycol 1450 and 1 kg of polyethylene glycol 3350, used for hormone replacement therapy.

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Alefacept Formulation

A formulation containing 45 g of alefacept, used for treating psoriasis, a skin condition.

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Sodium Bicarbonate Neutralization

A formulation containing 42 g of sodium bicarbonate, used for neutralizing acidity.

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Antipyrine-Benzocaine Formulation

A formulation containing 540 g of antipyrine and 140 g of benzocaine, used for pain relief and reducing fever.

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Electrolyte Solution

A formulation containing 10.8 mEq of sodium, 4.8 mEq of potassium, 8.4 mEq of chloride, 7.2 mEq of citrate, 6 g of dextrose, used for maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.

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Study Notes

Reducing and Enlarging Formulas

  • Pharmaceutical formulas often require adjustments in quantity for various reasons, like preparing smaller or larger batches.
  • Formulas are frequently based on 1000 mL or 1000 g, but other quantities are also used.
  • Calculations involve determining a factor to adjust quantities proportionally.
  • The factor is determined by dividing the desired quantity by the given quantity. Factors greater than one represent a multiplication, and less than one represent a reduction.
  • To adjust the formula, multiply the quantity of each ingredient by the calculated factor.

Objectives

  • Students should be able to perform calculations adjusting formulas in metric units.
  • Students should be able to calculate adjustments to formulas based on proportional parts.

Example Calculations

  • Calculations can be used to adjust the quantities of ingredients in a formula to create a specific amount of product.
  • The factor used to determine quantities for reducing or enlarging a formula is calculated by dividing the desired amount by the given amount.
  • This method works for both scaling up or scaling down a given formula.

Formula Parts

  • Formulas may be described in proportional parts (e.g., 5 parts, 10 parts) rather than specific weight.

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