Red Blood Cell Functions and Lifespan

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of red blood cells?

  • Carrying oxygen to the tissues (correct)
  • Eliminating toxins from the body
  • Transporting nutrients to the tissues
  • Producing energy for the body

How many haemoglobin molecules are approximately found in each red blood cell?

  • 640 million (correct)
  • 740 million
  • 800 million
  • 500 million

Which type of haemoglobin is dominant in adult blood after 3–6 months of age?

  • Hb F
  • Hb C
  • Hb A2
  • Hb A (correct)

What vitamin acts as a coenzyme for the synthesis of haemoglobin?

<p>Vitamin B6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does haem synthesis mostly occur in the cell?

<p>Mitochondria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is the key rate-limiting enzyme in the haem synthesis process?

<p>ALA synthase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main indication for the use of erythropoietin?

<p>End-stage renal disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone deficiency may be associated with anaemia?

<p>Thyroxine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal percentage range of Hb F (fetal hemoglobin) in adult blood?

<p>1.5-3.2% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is NOT mentioned as being associated with anaemia?

<p>Vitamin D (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are potential side effects of erythropoietin therapy?

<p>Local injection site reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is valuable in predicting an effective response to erythropoietin therapy?

<p>Low serum erythropoietin level prior to treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is the most abundant in the membrane skeleton?

<p>α spectrin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the structural proteins that form the membrane skeleton?

<p>α and β spectrin, protein 4.1, and ankyrin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the α and β spectrin chains associate to form tetramers?

<p>Head to head (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the tetramers of spectrin link to at their tail end?

<p>Actin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To what does the β spectrin chains attach at the head end?

<p>Ankyrin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Vertical connections' in the membrane skeleton are associated with which transmembrane protein?

<p>Protein band 3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated total distance traveled by a red blood cell in its 120-day lifespan?

<p>480 km (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is responsible for generating energy as ATP in a red blood cell?

<p>Embden–Meyerhof pathway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of NADPH in a red blood cell?

<p>Maintain SH groups intact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which pathway does approximately 10% of glycolysis occur in a red blood cell?

<p>Hexose monophosphate pathway (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medical condition makes red cells extremely susceptible to oxidant stress?

<p>G6PD deficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of glucose metabolism in a red blood cell?

<p>Lactate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the classification of anaemia based on red cell indices, how many main categories are identified?

<p>Three (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological condition results in a high mean corpuscular volume (MCV)?

<p>Infancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a high mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in normal pregnancy indicate?

<p>Normal physiological change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is measurement of leucocyte and platelet counts important in distinguishing different conditions?

<p>To differentiate between 'pure' anaemia and 'pancytopenia' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'pancytopenia' suggest about the marrow?

<p>Marrow hypoplasia or infiltration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does the red cell indices NOT provide information about in anaemia classification?

<p>'Pancytopenia' causes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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