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Questions and Answers
What is the average mean diameter of normal red blood cells?
What is the average mean diameter of normal red blood cells?
Which protein is the most important structure that maintains the biconcave shape of the erythrocyte?
Which protein is the most important structure that maintains the biconcave shape of the erythrocyte?
What does each gram of hemoglobin combine with if it is 100% saturated?
What does each gram of hemoglobin combine with if it is 100% saturated?
What is the approximate concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
What is the approximate concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
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What causes hereditary spherocytosis?
What causes hereditary spherocytosis?
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What is the average volume of a red blood cell?
What is the average volume of a red blood cell?
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What is the normal percentage of hemoglobin in the whole blood for women?
What is the normal percentage of hemoglobin in the whole blood for women?
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What is the main component of plasma solutes?
What is the main component of plasma solutes?
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Which protein in the blood is involved in creating colloid osmotic pressure?
Which protein in the blood is involved in creating colloid osmotic pressure?
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What is the function of human serum albumin?
What is the function of human serum albumin?
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What is the deficiency called when there is a lack of albumin in the blood?
What is the deficiency called when there is a lack of albumin in the blood?
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What creates colloid osmotic or oncotic pressure in the blood?
What creates colloid osmotic or oncotic pressure in the blood?
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What does anemia refer to?
What does anemia refer to?
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What is the major function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)?
What is the major function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)?
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What enzyme is found in red blood cells that catalyzes the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water?
What enzyme is found in red blood cells that catalyzes the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water?
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Apart from transporting hemoglobin, what other function do red blood cells perform?
Apart from transporting hemoglobin, what other function do red blood cells perform?
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Which plasma proteins are involved in the transport of lipids, hemoglobin, iron, cortisol, and cobalamins?
Which plasma proteins are involved in the transport of lipids, hemoglobin, iron, cortisol, and cobalamins?
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What is the main role of albumin in the blood?
What is the main role of albumin in the blood?
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What percentage of hemoglobin leaks through the capillary membrane into tissue spaces or the glomerular filtrate?
What percentage of hemoglobin leaks through the capillary membrane into tissue spaces or the glomerular filtrate?
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Apart from proteins, what other components are present in human plasma?
Apart from proteins, what other components are present in human plasma?
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Where are red blood cells initially produced during the early weeks of embryonic life?
Where are red blood cells initially produced during the early weeks of embryonic life?
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In which organ are red blood cells produced exclusively during the last month of gestation and after birth?
In which organ are red blood cells produced exclusively during the last month of gestation and after birth?
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At approximately what age does the marrow of most long bones become fatty and produce no more red blood cells?
At approximately what age does the marrow of most long bones become fatty and produce no more red blood cells?
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What type of cell is responsible for producing all the cells of the circulating blood?
What type of cell is responsible for producing all the cells of the circulating blood?
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What is the abbreviation used to designate a committed stem cell that produces erythrocytes?
What is the abbreviation used to designate a committed stem cell that produces erythrocytes?
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What happens to a small portion of multipotential hematopoietic stem cells as a person ages?
What happens to a small portion of multipotential hematopoietic stem cells as a person ages?
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Where does the marrow of essentially all bones produce red blood cells until a person is about 5 years old?
Where does the marrow of essentially all bones produce red blood cells until a person is about 5 years old?
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Which protein promotes the growth and reproduction of virtually all different types of committed stem cells?
Which protein promotes the growth and reproduction of virtually all different types of committed stem cells?
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What is the function of differentiation inducers?
What is the function of differentiation inducers?
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What causes the growth, differentiation, and production of greatly increased numbers of red blood cells?
What causes the growth, differentiation, and production of greatly increased numbers of red blood cells?
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What effect do infectious diseases have on white blood cells?
What effect do infectious diseases have on white blood cells?
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Which cell is the first to be identified as belonging to the red blood cell series?
Which cell is the first to be identified as belonging to the red blood cell series?
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What is the function of basophil erythroblasts?
What is the function of basophil erythroblasts?
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What happens to the nucleus in the later stages of red blood cell formation?
What happens to the nucleus in the later stages of red blood cell formation?
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What causes the formation of large numbers of red blood cells from CFU-E stem cells?
What causes the formation of large numbers of red blood cells from CFU-E stem cells?
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Study Notes
Red Blood Cell Characteristics
- Average mean diameter of normal red blood cells is approximately 7.5 micrometers.
- Average volume of a red blood cell is about 90 femtoliters.
- Normal percentage of hemoglobin in whole blood for women is around 38-48%.
Hemoglobin and Its Function
- Each gram of hemoglobin can combine with 1.34 mL of oxygen when 100% saturated.
- Approximate concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells is about 34 grams per deciliter.
- Anemia refers to a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells.
Erythrocyte Structure and Function
- Biconcave shape of erythrocytes is primarily maintained by the protein spectrin.
- Function of red blood cells includes the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water within red blood cells.
Plasma Composition and Proteins
- The main component of plasma solutes is water, constituting about 90-92% of plasma.
- Human serum albumin is a crucial protein in blood, creating colloid osmotic pressure and maintaining fluid balance.
- Albumin deficiency is referred to as hypoalbuminemia.
Colloid Osmotic Pressure and Blood Components
- Colloid osmotic or oncotic pressure is created by plasma proteins, primarily albumin.
- Plasma proteins involved in the transport of various substances include lipoproteins, transferrin, and globulins.
Red Blood Cell Production and Development
- Red blood cells are produced initially in the yolk sac during early embryonic life.
- After birth and in the last month of gestation, red blood cells are produced exclusively in the bone marrow.
- The marrow of most long bones becomes fatty and ceases to produce red blood cells around age 20.
Stem Cells and Hematopoiesis
- A committed stem cell that produces erythrocytes is designated as CFU-E (Colony Forming Unit-Erythroid).
- Multipotential hematopoietic stem cells decrease in proportion with aging.
- Marrow in essentially all bones continues producing red blood cells until about 5 years of age.
Regulation of Blood Cell Production
- Growth and reproduction of committed stem cells are promoted by erythropoietin.
- Differentiation inducers assist stem cells in maturing into specific cell types.
- Infectious diseases often increase the production and activity of white blood cells.
Erythroblast Development
- Basophil erythroblasts are among the earliest cells identified in the red blood cell series; they give rise to subsequent stages.
- As red blood cells mature, their nuclei condense and are eventually expelled.
CFU-E Stem Cells and Red Blood Cell Formation
- Formation of large numbers of red blood cells from CFU-E stem cells is triggered by erythropoietin and tissue oxygen levels.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the shape and size of normal red blood cells. Learn about the dimensions and volume of biconcave discs that make up red blood cells.
