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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of heroin in the body?
Which of the following is a natural alkaloid found in opium?
What is the effect of heroin on the release of neurotransmitters such as GABA?
What percentage of the population has used ecstasy in their lifetime?
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What is the main difference between the effects of cocaine and methamphetamine?
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What is the main mechanism of action of ecstasy on serotonin?
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What is the primary reason for the high addiction potential of methamphetamine?
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What is the effect of cocaine on the body's appetite?
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What is the main intoxicant in cannabis?
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What is the primary use of heroin?
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What is the main effect of LSD on sensory perception?
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What is a common side effect of chronic cocaine use?
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What is the mode of action of LSD on the brain?
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What is the effect of methamphetamine on the body's temperature?
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What is a common adverse effect of long-term heavy use of ecstasy?
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What is the pattern of euphoria effect associated with methamphetamine use?
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What is the mechanism of action of alcohol on the brain?
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What is a long-term consequence of chronic tobacco use?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of caffeine?
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What is a beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption?
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Morphine is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from heroin.
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Cocaine is a natural alkaloid found in opium.
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Heroin is used primarily for its anti-diarrheal effects.
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Methamphetamine has a shorter half-life compared to cocaine.
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Chronic use of cocaine can lead to heart failure.
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Heroin is more lipophilic than morphine, making it more brain penetrant.
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Cocaine is a psychostimulant that decreases the release of dopamine.
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Ecstasy is a CNS depressant.
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Methamphetamine is a natural alkaloid found in opium.
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Heroin use can lead to respiratory depression.
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Cannabis is primarily used for pain relief.
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Cocaine use can lead to impaired sexual performance.
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LSD is a partial agonist at 5HT2A receptors.
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Alcohol is a psychostimulant.
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Tobacco is the biggest drug-related killer.
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Caffeine is a highly addictive drug.
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Ecstasy can cause serotonin syndrome.
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Cannabis has a high risk of addiction.
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LSD can cause fatal accidents due to its effects on the user's perception.
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Moderate drinking can reduce the risk of heart diseases.
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Study Notes
Opioids
- Heroin is a diacetyl derivative of morphine, rapidly deacetylated into morphine in the body
- Analgesic, euphoric, and anti-diarrheal effects
- Impaired cough reflex, nausea, vomiting, and constipation
- Tolerance and dependence, respiratory depression
- Binds and activates mu-opioid receptors, increasing dopamine release
- Metabolites: M3G and M6G (morphine glucuronide)
Stimulants
- Cocaine is derived from Erythroxylum coca plant, with a lifetime use of 11%
- Acute effects: euphoria, loss of appetite, increased alertness, and local anaesthetic
- Binge and crash pattern, inhibition of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin reuptake
- Repeated use: eating and sleeping disorders, respiratory problems, convulsions, and kidney failure
- Acute side effects: damage to nasal membranes and septum, tissue damage due to vasoconstriction
- Chronic use: psychosis, heart failure
- Excessive dosage: tremor, convulsions, respiratory depression, and cardiac arrhythmias
Methamphetamine
- A synthetic homologue of amphetamine, first used in WWII
- Lifetime use of 5.8%
- Initial effects: euphoria, increased alertness, energy, and libido
- Binge and crash pattern, release of dopamine, and blockade of monoamine transporters
- Long half-life (8-30 hours), highly addictive, and intense rush
- Side effects: increased heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure, long-lasting cognitive and emotional changes
- Long-term side effects: meth mouth, cardiac failure, overdose, neurotoxicity, and loss of gray matter
Ecstasy (MDMA)
- First used as an appetite suppressant, lifetime use of 12%
- Tolerance, serotonin syndrome, and binding to serotonin transporters
- Release of serotonin via transporter-mediated exchange, blocking reuptake, and inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter and monoamine oxidase
- Increased brain and plasma oxytocin concentrations, acute psychosis, and panic attacks
- Long-term serotoninergic neurotoxicity, dose-dependent reduction in 5HT receptors and transport proteins, and axonal damage
Cannabis
- Lifetime use of 36%, mainly used for pain
- THC is the main intoxicant, a CB1 and CB2 receptor partial agonist
- CBD is non-intoxicating, and endocannabinoids are naturally occurring
- Good effects: euphoria, increased appetite, and analgesia
- Bad effects: anxiety, memory impairment, and sedation
- Long-term effects: schizophrenia, addiction, and chronic use
LSD (Hallucinogenic)
- 1% of AU uses in the last 12 months, distorted sensory perception, and synaesthesia
- Loss of boundaries and fear of fragmentation, altered mood, and psychosis symptoms
- Extremely potent, long-lasting up to 10-22 hours, and binds to 5-HT receptors and alpha adrenergic receptors
- Partial agonist at 5HT2A, hallucination, and strong tolerance
- Flashbacks, fatal accidents, bad trips, and precipitation of psychosis
Alcohol (CNS Depressant)
- 77% use in the last 12 months, slurred speech, and motor incoordination
- Increased self-confidence, euphoria/dysphoria, aggressivity, and impairment in intellectual, sensory, and motor performance
- Benefits from moderate drinking: reduced mortality related to heart diseases, increased HDL, and inhibited platelet aggregation
- Inhibition of action at glutamate, NMDA, and kainate receptors, and enhancement of GABA action at GABA A receptors
- Adverse drug interactions, neurological degenerations, chronic gastritis, and liver damage
Tobacco (Psychostimulant)
- Biggest drug-related killer, 11% of the population, highly addictive
- Increased alertness, calming, and improvement of general sensory and motor performance
- Relaxation of skeletal muscle, increased heart rate, and blood pressure
- Decreased GI motility, and nicotine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
- Cancer, coronary heart disease, vascular disease, chronic bronchitis, and harm in pregnancy
Caffeine (Psychostimulant)
- Most widely used psychoactive drug, decreased fatigue, and increased alertness
- Performance enhancement, low doses are pleasant, and high doses are dysphoric
- Diuresis, stimulation of cardiac muscle, and relaxation of smooth muscle
- Small tolerance, no withdrawal, and caffeine is a methylxanthine
- Antagonises adenosine A2A receptors, releasing dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, with few side effects
Opioids
- Heroin is a diacetyl derivative of morphine, rapidly deacetylated into morphine in the body
- Analgesic, euphoric, and anti-diarrheal effects
- Impaired cough reflex, nausea, vomiting, and constipation
- Tolerance and dependence, respiratory depression
- Binds and activates mu-opioid receptors, increasing dopamine release
- Metabolites: M3G and M6G (morphine glucuronide)
Stimulants
- Cocaine is derived from Erythroxylum coca plant, with a lifetime use of 11%
- Acute effects: euphoria, loss of appetite, increased alertness, and local anaesthetic
- Binge and crash pattern, inhibition of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin reuptake
- Repeated use: eating and sleeping disorders, respiratory problems, convulsions, and kidney failure
- Acute side effects: damage to nasal membranes and septum, tissue damage due to vasoconstriction
- Chronic use: psychosis, heart failure
- Excessive dosage: tremor, convulsions, respiratory depression, and cardiac arrhythmias
Methamphetamine
- A synthetic homologue of amphetamine, first used in WWII
- Lifetime use of 5.8%
- Initial effects: euphoria, increased alertness, energy, and libido
- Binge and crash pattern, release of dopamine, and blockade of monoamine transporters
- Long half-life (8-30 hours), highly addictive, and intense rush
- Side effects: increased heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure, long-lasting cognitive and emotional changes
- Long-term side effects: meth mouth, cardiac failure, overdose, neurotoxicity, and loss of gray matter
Ecstasy (MDMA)
- First used as an appetite suppressant, lifetime use of 12%
- Tolerance, serotonin syndrome, and binding to serotonin transporters
- Release of serotonin via transporter-mediated exchange, blocking reuptake, and inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter and monoamine oxidase
- Increased brain and plasma oxytocin concentrations, acute psychosis, and panic attacks
- Long-term serotoninergic neurotoxicity, dose-dependent reduction in 5HT receptors and transport proteins, and axonal damage
Cannabis
- Lifetime use of 36%, mainly used for pain
- THC is the main intoxicant, a CB1 and CB2 receptor partial agonist
- CBD is non-intoxicating, and endocannabinoids are naturally occurring
- Good effects: euphoria, increased appetite, and analgesia
- Bad effects: anxiety, memory impairment, and sedation
- Long-term effects: schizophrenia, addiction, and chronic use
LSD (Hallucinogenic)
- 1% of AU uses in the last 12 months, distorted sensory perception, and synaesthesia
- Loss of boundaries and fear of fragmentation, altered mood, and psychosis symptoms
- Extremely potent, long-lasting up to 10-22 hours, and binds to 5-HT receptors and alpha adrenergic receptors
- Partial agonist at 5HT2A, hallucination, and strong tolerance
- Flashbacks, fatal accidents, bad trips, and precipitation of psychosis
Alcohol (CNS Depressant)
- 77% use in the last 12 months, slurred speech, and motor incoordination
- Increased self-confidence, euphoria/dysphoria, aggressivity, and impairment in intellectual, sensory, and motor performance
- Benefits from moderate drinking: reduced mortality related to heart diseases, increased HDL, and inhibited platelet aggregation
- Inhibition of action at glutamate, NMDA, and kainate receptors, and enhancement of GABA action at GABA A receptors
- Adverse drug interactions, neurological degenerations, chronic gastritis, and liver damage
Tobacco (Psychostimulant)
- Biggest drug-related killer, 11% of the population, highly addictive
- Increased alertness, calming, and improvement of general sensory and motor performance
- Relaxation of skeletal muscle, increased heart rate, and blood pressure
- Decreased GI motility, and nicotine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
- Cancer, coronary heart disease, vascular disease, chronic bronchitis, and harm in pregnancy
Caffeine (Psychostimulant)
- Most widely used psychoactive drug, decreased fatigue, and increased alertness
- Performance enhancement, low doses are pleasant, and high doses are dysphoric
- Diuresis, stimulation of cardiac muscle, and relaxation of smooth muscle
- Small tolerance, no withdrawal, and caffeine is a methylxanthine
- Antagonises adenosine A2A receptors, releasing dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, with few side effects
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Description
Learn about the history, modern use, pharmacological effects, mechanism of action, and side effects of heroin, a recreational drug and opioid derivative.
