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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of heroin in the body?
What is the primary mechanism of action of heroin in the body?
Which of the following is a natural alkaloid found in opium?
Which of the following is a natural alkaloid found in opium?
What is the effect of heroin on the release of neurotransmitters such as GABA?
What is the effect of heroin on the release of neurotransmitters such as GABA?
What percentage of the population has used ecstasy in their lifetime?
What percentage of the population has used ecstasy in their lifetime?
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What is the main difference between the effects of cocaine and methamphetamine?
What is the main difference between the effects of cocaine and methamphetamine?
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What is the main mechanism of action of ecstasy on serotonin?
What is the main mechanism of action of ecstasy on serotonin?
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What is the primary reason for the high addiction potential of methamphetamine?
What is the primary reason for the high addiction potential of methamphetamine?
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What is the effect of cocaine on the body's appetite?
What is the effect of cocaine on the body's appetite?
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What is the main intoxicant in cannabis?
What is the main intoxicant in cannabis?
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What is the primary use of heroin?
What is the primary use of heroin?
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What is the main effect of LSD on sensory perception?
What is the main effect of LSD on sensory perception?
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What is a common side effect of chronic cocaine use?
What is a common side effect of chronic cocaine use?
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What is the mode of action of LSD on the brain?
What is the mode of action of LSD on the brain?
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What is the effect of methamphetamine on the body's temperature?
What is the effect of methamphetamine on the body's temperature?
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What is a common adverse effect of long-term heavy use of ecstasy?
What is a common adverse effect of long-term heavy use of ecstasy?
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What is the pattern of euphoria effect associated with methamphetamine use?
What is the pattern of euphoria effect associated with methamphetamine use?
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What is the mechanism of action of alcohol on the brain?
What is the mechanism of action of alcohol on the brain?
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What is a long-term consequence of chronic tobacco use?
What is a long-term consequence of chronic tobacco use?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of caffeine?
What is the primary mechanism of action of caffeine?
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What is a beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption?
What is a beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption?
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Morphine is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from heroin.
Morphine is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from heroin.
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Cocaine is a natural alkaloid found in opium.
Cocaine is a natural alkaloid found in opium.
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Heroin is used primarily for its anti-diarrheal effects.
Heroin is used primarily for its anti-diarrheal effects.
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Methamphetamine has a shorter half-life compared to cocaine.
Methamphetamine has a shorter half-life compared to cocaine.
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Chronic use of cocaine can lead to heart failure.
Chronic use of cocaine can lead to heart failure.
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Heroin is more lipophilic than morphine, making it more brain penetrant.
Heroin is more lipophilic than morphine, making it more brain penetrant.
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Cocaine is a psychostimulant that decreases the release of dopamine.
Cocaine is a psychostimulant that decreases the release of dopamine.
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Ecstasy is a CNS depressant.
Ecstasy is a CNS depressant.
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Methamphetamine is a natural alkaloid found in opium.
Methamphetamine is a natural alkaloid found in opium.
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Heroin use can lead to respiratory depression.
Heroin use can lead to respiratory depression.
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Cannabis is primarily used for pain relief.
Cannabis is primarily used for pain relief.
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Cocaine use can lead to impaired sexual performance.
Cocaine use can lead to impaired sexual performance.
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LSD is a partial agonist at 5HT2A receptors.
LSD is a partial agonist at 5HT2A receptors.
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Alcohol is a psychostimulant.
Alcohol is a psychostimulant.
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Tobacco is the biggest drug-related killer.
Tobacco is the biggest drug-related killer.
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Caffeine is a highly addictive drug.
Caffeine is a highly addictive drug.
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Ecstasy can cause serotonin syndrome.
Ecstasy can cause serotonin syndrome.
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Cannabis has a high risk of addiction.
Cannabis has a high risk of addiction.
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LSD can cause fatal accidents due to its effects on the user's perception.
LSD can cause fatal accidents due to its effects on the user's perception.
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Moderate drinking can reduce the risk of heart diseases.
Moderate drinking can reduce the risk of heart diseases.
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Study Notes
Opioids
- Heroin is a diacetyl derivative of morphine, rapidly deacetylated into morphine in the body
- Analgesic, euphoric, and anti-diarrheal effects
- Impaired cough reflex, nausea, vomiting, and constipation
- Tolerance and dependence, respiratory depression
- Binds and activates mu-opioid receptors, increasing dopamine release
- Metabolites: M3G and M6G (morphine glucuronide)
Stimulants
- Cocaine is derived from Erythroxylum coca plant, with a lifetime use of 11%
- Acute effects: euphoria, loss of appetite, increased alertness, and local anaesthetic
- Binge and crash pattern, inhibition of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin reuptake
- Repeated use: eating and sleeping disorders, respiratory problems, convulsions, and kidney failure
- Acute side effects: damage to nasal membranes and septum, tissue damage due to vasoconstriction
- Chronic use: psychosis, heart failure
- Excessive dosage: tremor, convulsions, respiratory depression, and cardiac arrhythmias
Methamphetamine
- A synthetic homologue of amphetamine, first used in WWII
- Lifetime use of 5.8%
- Initial effects: euphoria, increased alertness, energy, and libido
- Binge and crash pattern, release of dopamine, and blockade of monoamine transporters
- Long half-life (8-30 hours), highly addictive, and intense rush
- Side effects: increased heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure, long-lasting cognitive and emotional changes
- Long-term side effects: meth mouth, cardiac failure, overdose, neurotoxicity, and loss of gray matter
Ecstasy (MDMA)
- First used as an appetite suppressant, lifetime use of 12%
- Tolerance, serotonin syndrome, and binding to serotonin transporters
- Release of serotonin via transporter-mediated exchange, blocking reuptake, and inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter and monoamine oxidase
- Increased brain and plasma oxytocin concentrations, acute psychosis, and panic attacks
- Long-term serotoninergic neurotoxicity, dose-dependent reduction in 5HT receptors and transport proteins, and axonal damage
Cannabis
- Lifetime use of 36%, mainly used for pain
- THC is the main intoxicant, a CB1 and CB2 receptor partial agonist
- CBD is non-intoxicating, and endocannabinoids are naturally occurring
- Good effects: euphoria, increased appetite, and analgesia
- Bad effects: anxiety, memory impairment, and sedation
- Long-term effects: schizophrenia, addiction, and chronic use
LSD (Hallucinogenic)
- 1% of AU uses in the last 12 months, distorted sensory perception, and synaesthesia
- Loss of boundaries and fear of fragmentation, altered mood, and psychosis symptoms
- Extremely potent, long-lasting up to 10-22 hours, and binds to 5-HT receptors and alpha adrenergic receptors
- Partial agonist at 5HT2A, hallucination, and strong tolerance
- Flashbacks, fatal accidents, bad trips, and precipitation of psychosis
Alcohol (CNS Depressant)
- 77% use in the last 12 months, slurred speech, and motor incoordination
- Increased self-confidence, euphoria/dysphoria, aggressivity, and impairment in intellectual, sensory, and motor performance
- Benefits from moderate drinking: reduced mortality related to heart diseases, increased HDL, and inhibited platelet aggregation
- Inhibition of action at glutamate, NMDA, and kainate receptors, and enhancement of GABA action at GABA A receptors
- Adverse drug interactions, neurological degenerations, chronic gastritis, and liver damage
Tobacco (Psychostimulant)
- Biggest drug-related killer, 11% of the population, highly addictive
- Increased alertness, calming, and improvement of general sensory and motor performance
- Relaxation of skeletal muscle, increased heart rate, and blood pressure
- Decreased GI motility, and nicotine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
- Cancer, coronary heart disease, vascular disease, chronic bronchitis, and harm in pregnancy
Caffeine (Psychostimulant)
- Most widely used psychoactive drug, decreased fatigue, and increased alertness
- Performance enhancement, low doses are pleasant, and high doses are dysphoric
- Diuresis, stimulation of cardiac muscle, and relaxation of smooth muscle
- Small tolerance, no withdrawal, and caffeine is a methylxanthine
- Antagonises adenosine A2A receptors, releasing dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, with few side effects
Opioids
- Heroin is a diacetyl derivative of morphine, rapidly deacetylated into morphine in the body
- Analgesic, euphoric, and anti-diarrheal effects
- Impaired cough reflex, nausea, vomiting, and constipation
- Tolerance and dependence, respiratory depression
- Binds and activates mu-opioid receptors, increasing dopamine release
- Metabolites: M3G and M6G (morphine glucuronide)
Stimulants
- Cocaine is derived from Erythroxylum coca plant, with a lifetime use of 11%
- Acute effects: euphoria, loss of appetite, increased alertness, and local anaesthetic
- Binge and crash pattern, inhibition of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin reuptake
- Repeated use: eating and sleeping disorders, respiratory problems, convulsions, and kidney failure
- Acute side effects: damage to nasal membranes and septum, tissue damage due to vasoconstriction
- Chronic use: psychosis, heart failure
- Excessive dosage: tremor, convulsions, respiratory depression, and cardiac arrhythmias
Methamphetamine
- A synthetic homologue of amphetamine, first used in WWII
- Lifetime use of 5.8%
- Initial effects: euphoria, increased alertness, energy, and libido
- Binge and crash pattern, release of dopamine, and blockade of monoamine transporters
- Long half-life (8-30 hours), highly addictive, and intense rush
- Side effects: increased heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure, long-lasting cognitive and emotional changes
- Long-term side effects: meth mouth, cardiac failure, overdose, neurotoxicity, and loss of gray matter
Ecstasy (MDMA)
- First used as an appetite suppressant, lifetime use of 12%
- Tolerance, serotonin syndrome, and binding to serotonin transporters
- Release of serotonin via transporter-mediated exchange, blocking reuptake, and inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter and monoamine oxidase
- Increased brain and plasma oxytocin concentrations, acute psychosis, and panic attacks
- Long-term serotoninergic neurotoxicity, dose-dependent reduction in 5HT receptors and transport proteins, and axonal damage
Cannabis
- Lifetime use of 36%, mainly used for pain
- THC is the main intoxicant, a CB1 and CB2 receptor partial agonist
- CBD is non-intoxicating, and endocannabinoids are naturally occurring
- Good effects: euphoria, increased appetite, and analgesia
- Bad effects: anxiety, memory impairment, and sedation
- Long-term effects: schizophrenia, addiction, and chronic use
LSD (Hallucinogenic)
- 1% of AU uses in the last 12 months, distorted sensory perception, and synaesthesia
- Loss of boundaries and fear of fragmentation, altered mood, and psychosis symptoms
- Extremely potent, long-lasting up to 10-22 hours, and binds to 5-HT receptors and alpha adrenergic receptors
- Partial agonist at 5HT2A, hallucination, and strong tolerance
- Flashbacks, fatal accidents, bad trips, and precipitation of psychosis
Alcohol (CNS Depressant)
- 77% use in the last 12 months, slurred speech, and motor incoordination
- Increased self-confidence, euphoria/dysphoria, aggressivity, and impairment in intellectual, sensory, and motor performance
- Benefits from moderate drinking: reduced mortality related to heart diseases, increased HDL, and inhibited platelet aggregation
- Inhibition of action at glutamate, NMDA, and kainate receptors, and enhancement of GABA action at GABA A receptors
- Adverse drug interactions, neurological degenerations, chronic gastritis, and liver damage
Tobacco (Psychostimulant)
- Biggest drug-related killer, 11% of the population, highly addictive
- Increased alertness, calming, and improvement of general sensory and motor performance
- Relaxation of skeletal muscle, increased heart rate, and blood pressure
- Decreased GI motility, and nicotine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
- Cancer, coronary heart disease, vascular disease, chronic bronchitis, and harm in pregnancy
Caffeine (Psychostimulant)
- Most widely used psychoactive drug, decreased fatigue, and increased alertness
- Performance enhancement, low doses are pleasant, and high doses are dysphoric
- Diuresis, stimulation of cardiac muscle, and relaxation of smooth muscle
- Small tolerance, no withdrawal, and caffeine is a methylxanthine
- Antagonises adenosine A2A receptors, releasing dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, with few side effects
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Description
Learn about the history, modern use, pharmacological effects, mechanism of action, and side effects of heroin, a recreational drug and opioid derivative.
