Recombinant DNA Technology and Gene Therapy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary concern regarding the use of DNA fingerprinting in convicting criminals?

  • The possibility of using it for non-criminal identification purposes.
  • The potential for human error or contamination. (correct)
  • The lack of public understanding of the science behind it.
  • The cost associated with DNA testing.

    • In the context of DNA fingerprinting, why is it important to note that DNA evidence is 'just another form of evidence'?

  • It implies that DNA evidence is always considered conclusive in court.
  • It highlights the need for other corroborating evidence, as DNA evidence is not infallible. (correct)
  • It suggests that DNA evidence is more reliable than other forms of evidence.
  • It emphasizes that DNA evidence should be the primary form of evidence against a suspect.

    • What is the primary function of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?

  • To join DNA fragments together.
  • To insert recombinant DNA into a host organism.
  • To isolate specific DNA sequences by cutting DNA. (correct)
  • To amplify the number of DNA copies.

    • What role does DNA ligase play in the process of creating recombinant DNA?

    <p>It joins DNA fragments together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an organism that contains genes from another species due to recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>Transgenic organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to combine desired genes with a vector in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>To facilitate the entry and function of the DNA fragment within the recipient organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>Combining genetic material from different sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tool is used to insert recombinant DNA into a host organism during the process?

    <p>Gene gun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of therapeutic cloning?

    <p>Generating human cells for medical therapies and transplants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is human reproductive cloning considered illegal in most countries?

    <p>For a wide range of ethical and religious reasons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main aim of gene therapy?

    <p>To replace or modify defective genes within an individual's cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A common drawback of gene therapy procedures is that:

    <p>The effects do not last long, meaning the treatment needs frequent repetition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of gene therapy, what is the purpose of modifying viruses?

    <p>To prevent them from causing diseases while using them as gene carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of satellite DNA that allows for individual identification?

    <p>The number and length of short tandem repeats (STRs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'human genetic engineering' refer to?

    <p>Modifying an individual's genes to choose certain traits or correct defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DNA fingerprinting, why are short tandem repeats (STRs) crucial for creating unique profiles?

    <p>Their variation in length and number is unique to each individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of human genetic engineering has sparked significant ethical debate?

    <p>The possibility of using it to 'design' children with particular traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the method that separates DNA fragments based on their size?

    <p>Electrophoresis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between 'Gene Surgery' and 'Gene Modification' methods?

    <p>Gene surgery involves removing cells for treatment, while gene modification uses viruses as carriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level of accuracy that experts attribute to DNA testing for identifying an individual?

    <p>99.8%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of CRISPR-Cas9 over TALENS?

    <p>CRISPR-Cas9 is easier to use and four times more efficient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is DNA evidence considered highly accurate in forensic science, compared to something like ABO blood typing?

    <p>Because of the high level of uniqueness in STR profiles compared to blood groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases has NOT been studied using CRISPR-Cas9 in laboratory or animal models?

    <p>Type 1 Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does DNA profiling help in paternity cases?

    <p>It compares short tandem repeat profiles of the child against potential fathers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a gene drive?

    <p>A system that increases the chances of a trait being passed on.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of restriction enzymes in DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>To cut the DNA into fragments of different lengths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the genetic material used in DNA fingerprinting?

    <p>Satellite DNA consisting of short tandem repeats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might gene drives be helpful in combating malaria?

    <p>By enhancing sterility in the mosquito vector.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential drawback of using gene editing technologies like CRISPR-Cas9?

    <p>The ethical considerations and ecological impacts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides medical uses, in what other industry has CRISPR technology been used?

    <p>Food and agriculture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of industrial culture can be vaccinated against viruses using CRISPR technology?

    <p>Cultures for yogurt production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can CRISPR technology be applied to crops?

    <p>To improve yield, drought tolerance, and nutritional properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary effect of the genetic mutation in the mice with type I tyrosinemia?

    <p>Their livers could not properly break down certain amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was contained in the mixture that scientists injected into the mice to cure type I tyrosinemia?

    <p>Cas9 protein, correct guide RNA, and copies of the gene without the mutation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the CRISPR/Cas9 edited cells contribute to the recovery of the mice's livers?

    <p>The new cells replicated and replaced some of the old, dysfunctional cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the liver cells initially incorporated the CRISPR/Cas9 fix?

    <p>0.4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the edited cells replicated, approximately what proportion of the liver was comprised of these 'fixed' cells?

    <p>One-third of the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential application of CRISPR technology?

    <p>Creating new pharmaceutical drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were the scientists able to inject the treatment directly into the veins of the mice, rather than directly into the livers?

    <p>The treatment was designed to circulate through the bloodstream and reach the liver naturally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the first instance of a scientist editing a single gene in human embryos?

    <p>In 2018 by a scientist in China.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk of introducing a genetically modified trait using gene editing techniques?

    <p>The modified trait could spread to unintended organisms through crossbreeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major ethical concern related to germline editing?

    <p>The changes made to germ cells may be passed on to future generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One concern about the use of germline editing is the potential to move this technology from therapeutic uses to what?

    <p>An enhancement tool for various human characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Cas9 protein play in the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool?

    <p>It locates and cuts specific sections of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a noted advantage of using CRISPR/Cas9 for gene editing?

    <p>It is easy, accurate, and fast to use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do some have concerns about using CRISPR on an embryo in IVF?

    <p>The changes could be passed down to subsequent generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical use for CRISPR technology?

    <p>Creating large scale mutations across the genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of the CRISPR/Cas9 system?

    <p>It was found naturally occurring in bacteria as an immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA Profiling/DNA Fingerprinting

    • DNA profiling, also known as DNA fingerprinting, identifies and compares individuals based on their unique DNA sequence or profile.
    • The process involves matching an unknown DNA sample with a known sample to see if they match.
    • Restriction endonucleases cut DNA fragments into different lengths.
    • These fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis, creating a DNA fingerprint.
    • Identical DNA fragment patterns indicate the same individual.
    • Similar patterns suggest a relationship between individuals.
    • DNA evidence is ubiquitous at crime scenes (e.g., blood, hair, skin, saliva, semen).
    • Scientists analyze crime scene DNA evidence to match it to a suspect's DNA.

    DNA Structure and Function

    • The chemical structure of DNA is the same in all humans.
    • Humans share the same DNA nucleotides, amino acids, and proteins.
    • Nearly every cell in a human body contains DNA (genetic material programming cell function).
    • 99.9% of human DNA is identical in everyone.
    • The 0.1% difference in DNA is unique to each individual.
    • This difference, estimated at 3 million base pairs, allows for accurate individual identification.
    • Identical twins are the only exception, sharing 100 percent identical DNA.

    Satellite DNA

    • Satellite DNA is highly repetitive, short sequences of nucleotides (nitrogen bases) between genes.
    • It has a distinct density from bulk DNA.
    • The number and length of repeats (short tandem repeats, STRs) vary greatly among individuals.
    • Each individual has a unique fragment profile created by varying STR numbers/lengths within satellite DNA.
    • These profiles can be compared via gel electrophoresis.
    • An example of a DNA sequence which may repeat is AATTCCG.

    DNA Profiling in Courts

    • Satellite DNA is the only difference between every human (animal)
    • DNA fingerprinting works because of individual variations in satellite DNA. No two people (except identical twins) share the same DNA.
    • The technique helps identify suspects or victims based on crime scene DNA samples.

    DNA Profiling Applications

    • Paternity cases: Comparing offspring DNA with potential fathers determines parentage with high accuracy.
    • Forensic investigations: Linking suspects to crime scenes using biological evidence found at the scene (blood, semen, hair, etc.).
    • Locating lost/missing children: Identifying individuals using DNA fingerprints.
    • Identifying genetic disorders: Detecting inherited disorders in both prenatal and newborn babies.
    • Developing cures for inherited diseases: Studying DNA patterns associated with diseases, assisting in disease treatments/cures.
    • Personal identification: Collecting DNA fingerprints for personnel identification in the armed services.
    ### Problems with DNA Fingerprinting

- There is a remote possibility of two non-identical twins having matching genetic structures.
- Human error or contamination can introduce inaccuracies into results.

### Benefits of DNA Fingerprinting

- DNA evidence can help convict criminals who may escape prosecution due to lack of other evidence.
- DNA databanks can assist in identification efforts.

    Recombinant DNA Technology

    • Recombinant DNA technology combines genes from unrelated species.
    • This involves extracting genes from an organism's nucleus and splicing them into a new organism's chromosomes.
    • The new organism traits are affected by these donated genes, forming transgenic organisms.
    • This technique involves laboratory manipulation of different DNA sources.
    • DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes.
    • Fragments are linked together using DNA ligase.
    • Recombinant DNA is inserted into host organism chromosomes using a gene gun.
    • The organism uses the new DNA to produce desired products.

    Steps in Recombinant DNA

    • Step 1: Using restriction enzymes to cut DNA
    • Step 2: Combining the desired gene from the targeted DNA fragment with a piece of DNA from the recipient organism. Involves plasmid vectors(small, circular pieces of DNA).
    • Step 3: Inserting the recombinant DNA into the host organism and creating many copies (clones).

    CRISPR/Cas9 Technology

    • CRISPR-Cas9 is a revolutionary gene-editing technology, allowing targeted DNA manipulation in a highly efficient, specific, and easily applicable system.
    • It mimics the natural bacterial defense system and has numerous applications in various areas of research and medicine.
    • The Cas9 protein, guided by guide RNA, precisely cuts DNA, enabling the removal, repair, or alteration of genes.
    • CRISPR has advantages in simplicity, low cost, high accuracy, and rapid turnaround time compared to other gene editing tools.

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    Related Documents

    DNA Profiling/Fingerprinting PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on recombinant DNA technology and gene therapy with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as DNA fingerprinting, restriction enzymes, and the significance of therapeutic cloning. Answer questions on the roles of various enzymes and the implications of gene modification.

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