Recombinant DNA Technology and Gene Therapy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary concern regarding the use of DNA fingerprinting in convicting criminals?

  • The possibility of using it for non-criminal identification purposes.
  • The potential for human error or contamination. (correct)
  • The lack of public understanding of the science behind it.
  • The cost associated with DNA testing.

In the context of DNA fingerprinting, why is it important to note that DNA evidence is 'just another form of evidence'?

  • It implies that DNA evidence is always considered conclusive in court.
  • It highlights the need for other corroborating evidence, as DNA evidence is not infallible. (correct)
  • It suggests that DNA evidence is more reliable than other forms of evidence.
  • It emphasizes that DNA evidence should be the primary form of evidence against a suspect.

What is the primary function of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?

  • To join DNA fragments together.
  • To insert recombinant DNA into a host organism.
  • To isolate specific DNA sequences by cutting DNA. (correct)
  • To amplify the number of DNA copies.

What role does DNA ligase play in the process of creating recombinant DNA?

<p>It joins DNA fragments together. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an organism that contains genes from another species due to recombinant DNA technology?

<p>Transgenic organism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to combine desired genes with a vector in recombinant DNA technology?

<p>To facilitate the entry and function of the DNA fragment within the recipient organism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes recombinant DNA technology?

<p>Combining genetic material from different sources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tool is used to insert recombinant DNA into a host organism during the process?

<p>Gene gun (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of therapeutic cloning?

<p>Generating human cells for medical therapies and transplants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is human reproductive cloning considered illegal in most countries?

<p>For a wide range of ethical and religious reasons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main aim of gene therapy?

<p>To replace or modify defective genes within an individual's cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A common drawback of gene therapy procedures is that:

<p>The effects do not last long, meaning the treatment needs frequent repetition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gene therapy, what is the purpose of modifying viruses?

<p>To prevent them from causing diseases while using them as gene carriers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of satellite DNA that allows for individual identification?

<p>The number and length of short tandem repeats (STRs). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'human genetic engineering' refer to?

<p>Modifying an individual's genes to choose certain traits or correct defects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In DNA fingerprinting, why are short tandem repeats (STRs) crucial for creating unique profiles?

<p>Their variation in length and number is unique to each individual. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of human genetic engineering has sparked significant ethical debate?

<p>The possibility of using it to 'design' children with particular traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the method that separates DNA fragments based on their size?

<p>Electrophoresis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between 'Gene Surgery' and 'Gene Modification' methods?

<p>Gene surgery involves removing cells for treatment, while gene modification uses viruses as carriers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the level of accuracy that experts attribute to DNA testing for identifying an individual?

<p>99.8%. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of CRISPR-Cas9 over TALENS?

<p>CRISPR-Cas9 is easier to use and four times more efficient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is DNA evidence considered highly accurate in forensic science, compared to something like ABO blood typing?

<p>Because of the high level of uniqueness in STR profiles compared to blood groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases has NOT been studied using CRISPR-Cas9 in laboratory or animal models?

<p>Type 1 Diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does DNA profiling help in paternity cases?

<p>It compares short tandem repeat profiles of the child against potential fathers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene drive?

<p>A system that increases the chances of a trait being passed on. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of restriction enzymes in DNA fingerprinting?

<p>To cut the DNA into fragments of different lengths. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the genetic material used in DNA fingerprinting?

<p>Satellite DNA consisting of short tandem repeats. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might gene drives be helpful in combating malaria?

<p>By enhancing sterility in the mosquito vector. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential drawback of using gene editing technologies like CRISPR-Cas9?

<p>The ethical considerations and ecological impacts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides medical uses, in what other industry has CRISPR technology been used?

<p>Food and agriculture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of industrial culture can be vaccinated against viruses using CRISPR technology?

<p>Cultures for yogurt production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can CRISPR technology be applied to crops?

<p>To improve yield, drought tolerance, and nutritional properties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary effect of the genetic mutation in the mice with type I tyrosinemia?

<p>Their livers could not properly break down certain amino acids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was contained in the mixture that scientists injected into the mice to cure type I tyrosinemia?

<p>Cas9 protein, correct guide RNA, and copies of the gene without the mutation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the CRISPR/Cas9 edited cells contribute to the recovery of the mice's livers?

<p>The new cells replicated and replaced some of the old, dysfunctional cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the liver cells initially incorporated the CRISPR/Cas9 fix?

<p>0.4% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After the edited cells replicated, approximately what proportion of the liver was comprised of these 'fixed' cells?

<p>One-third of the liver. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential application of CRISPR technology?

<p>Creating new pharmaceutical drugs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were the scientists able to inject the treatment directly into the veins of the mice, rather than directly into the livers?

<p>The treatment was designed to circulate through the bloodstream and reach the liver naturally. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the first instance of a scientist editing a single gene in human embryos?

<p>In 2018 by a scientist in China. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk of introducing a genetically modified trait using gene editing techniques?

<p>The modified trait could spread to unintended organisms through crossbreeding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major ethical concern related to germline editing?

<p>The changes made to germ cells may be passed on to future generations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One concern about the use of germline editing is the potential to move this technology from therapeutic uses to what?

<p>An enhancement tool for various human characteristics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Cas9 protein play in the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tool?

<p>It locates and cuts specific sections of DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a noted advantage of using CRISPR/Cas9 for gene editing?

<p>It is easy, accurate, and fast to use. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do some have concerns about using CRISPR on an embryo in IVF?

<p>The changes could be passed down to subsequent generations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical use for CRISPR technology?

<p>Creating large scale mutations across the genome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of the CRISPR/Cas9 system?

<p>It was found naturally occurring in bacteria as an immune system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Satellite DNA

Short, repetitive sequences of DNA found in non-coding regions.

Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)

Variations in the number of repeats within satellite DNA, making each individual's DNA unique.

DNA Fingerprinting

Using gel electrophoresis, individual DNA samples are separated by size, producing a unique 'fingerprint' based on STR variations.

DNA Profiling

Technique used to analyze DNA fragments and compare them to samples from a crime scene, helping in identifying individuals.

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Paternity Cases

Determining if an individual is the biological father of a child by comparing their DNA to the child's DNA.

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Inheritance of Alleles

Children inherit half their genetic material (alleles) from each parent, resulting in a combination of both parents' DNA.

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Legal Validity of DNA Evidence

DNA profiling's high accuracy (99.8%) makes it highly reliable in legal cases.

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Recombinant DNA

A technique used in genetic engineering where scientists combine genes from different species. This process involves extracting desired genes from one organism and inserting them into the chromosomes of another organism.

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Restriction enzymes

Special proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences, enabling scientists to isolate desired genes for manipulation.

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DNA ligase

An enzyme that joins DNA fragments together, enabling the insertion of desired genes into host chromosomes.

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Plasmid vector

A small, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria, often used as a vector to carry and transfer foreign DNA into host cells.

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Transgenic organism

An organism that has been genetically modified to incorporate foreign DNA, thus expressing new traits.

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Gene gun

A method used to introduce foreign DNA into cells by firing DNA-coated particles into the cell.

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Isolating foreign DNA

The process of isolating a specific gene from its surrounding DNA sequence.

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DNA recombination using plasmid vectors

The process of combining a specific gene with a piece of DNA from the recipient organism, preparing it for insertion.

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Reproductive Cloning

Creating a cloned human embryo with the intention of developing it into a full human being.

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Therapeutic Cloning

Growing human cells specifically to treat medical conditions, like organ transplants.

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Gene Therapy

A medical method involving the transfer of normal or modified genes into an individual's cells to fix genetic disorders.

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Gene Surgery

Removing a patient's cells, modifying them with a healthy gene, and then transplanting them back to cure the disorder.

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Gene Modification

Altering viruses to carry desired genes into a patient's cells to correct a genetic issue.

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Human Genetic Engineering

The process of directly manipulating an individual's genetic makeup to choose or change their physical characteristics.

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Correcting Defective Genes

The ability of gene therapy to potentially cure genetic diseases by directly fixing the faulty genes in cells.

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Ethical Challenges of Gene Therapy

The ethical and moral concerns surrounding gene therapy, particularly its potential to alter human traits and create inequality.

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CRISPR/Cas9

A tool that can be used to cut DNA at specific locations. It involves using the Cas9 protein and a guide RNA.

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Germline Editing

The process of making changes to genes within sperm, egg, or early embryos.

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Gene Editing

Using CRISPR/Cas9 to make changes to genes in a living organism.

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Gene Drive

A technique where edited genes can spread to non-target organisms through breeding.

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Gene Editing Applications

CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to inactivate a gene, fix a faulty gene, or make specific changes to a gene.

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Embryo Editing

Using CRISPR/Cas9 to make changes in an embryo before implantation, affecting the entire organism.

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Off-Target Effects

The potential negative impact of gene drives, where the desired edit spreads beyond the target population.

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Genetic Diversity Concerns

The potential impact of gene editing on the genetic diversity of a population.

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What is CRISPR-Cas9?

CRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful tool that allows scientists to precisely edit genes in various organisms, including humans.

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Why is CRISPR-Cas9 preferred?

CRISPR-Cas9 is preferred for gene editing because it is much more efficient compared to older methods.

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What are some potential applications of CRISPR in medicine?

CRISPR technology has been used to treat diseases like cystic fibrosis, cataracts, and Fanconi anemia, offering hope for genetic cures.

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How is CRISPR used in agriculture?

CRISPR's impact extends beyond medicine. It's being used in agriculture to improve crop yields, drought resistance, and nutritional value.

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What are gene drives?

Gene drives spread specific genetic traits through populations, potentially helping to control diseases like malaria.

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What are potential applications of gene drives?

Gene drives could also eradicate invasive species and reverse pesticide and herbicide resistance, offering solutions to environmental challenges.

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What are ethical concerns surrounding CRISPR technology?

While CRISPR holds immense potential, it raises ethical concerns about altering life's fundamental building blocks.

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What are ecological concerns surrounding CRISPR technology?

The use of gene drives in the environment could have unintended ecological impacts, prompting debates about responsible use.

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What is CRISPR?

CRISPR is a revolutionary gene editing technology. It involves using Cas9, an enzyme that can cut DNA, and guide RNA to target and modify specific gene sequences.

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How was CRISPR used in the tyrosinemia experiment?

In the tyrosinemia experiment, CRISPR was used to correct a genetic mutation in mice. The corrected DNA was delivered through the veins, reaching the liver and successfully repairing damaged cells.

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What are some potential applications of CRISPR in agriculture?

CRISPR technology allows researchers to modify the DNA of plants, potentially increasing crop yields, improving nutrient content, and even reducing pest populations.

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What is one potential application of CRISPR in medicine?

CRISPR has the potential to grow organs for transplant, which could be a game-changer for people in need of organ transplants.

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Why is the use of CRISPR on human embryos controversial?

The use of CRISPR on human embryos raises ethical concerns, particularly regarding the potential for unintended consequences and genetic modifications being passed down to future generations.

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What was the ethical controversy surrounding the use of CRISPR in 2018?

In 2018, a Chinese scientist controversially used CRISPR to edit the genes of twin girls, raising ethical concerns and highlighting the need for strict regulation in genetic research.

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What are the implications of CRISPR technology for the future?

CRISPR promises revolutionary advancements in medicine, agriculture, and other fields. However, ethical concerns about its use on human embryos need to be carefully considered and addressed.

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Why is CRISPR both a promising tool and a source of concern?

CRISPR is a powerful tool with the potential to cure diseases, improve food production, and even create new forms of life. However, its use raises ethical questions that require careful consideration and regulation.

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Study Notes

DNA Profiling/DNA Fingerprinting

  • DNA profiling, also known as DNA fingerprinting, identifies and compares individuals based on their unique DNA sequence or profile.
  • The process involves matching an unknown DNA sample with a known sample to see if they match.
  • Restriction endonucleases cut DNA fragments into different lengths.
  • These fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis, creating a DNA fingerprint.
  • Identical DNA fragment patterns indicate the same individual.
  • Similar patterns suggest a relationship between individuals.
  • DNA evidence is ubiquitous at crime scenes (e.g., blood, hair, skin, saliva, semen).
  • Scientists analyze crime scene DNA evidence to match it to a suspect's DNA.

DNA Structure and Function

  • The chemical structure of DNA is the same in all humans.
  • Humans share the same DNA nucleotides, amino acids, and proteins.
  • Nearly every cell in a human body contains DNA (genetic material programming cell function).
  • 99.9% of human DNA is identical in everyone.
  • The 0.1% difference in DNA is unique to each individual.
  • This difference, estimated at 3 million base pairs, allows for accurate individual identification.
  • Identical twins are the only exception, sharing 100 percent identical DNA.

Satellite DNA

  • Satellite DNA is highly repetitive, short sequences of nucleotides (nitrogen bases) between genes.
  • It has a distinct density from bulk DNA.
  • The number and length of repeats (short tandem repeats, STRs) vary greatly among individuals.
  • Each individual has a unique fragment profile created by varying STR numbers/lengths within satellite DNA.
  • These profiles can be compared via gel electrophoresis.
  • An example of a DNA sequence which may repeat is AATTCCG.

DNA Profiling in Courts

  • Satellite DNA is the only difference between every human (animal)
  • DNA fingerprinting works because of individual variations in satellite DNA. No two people (except identical twins) share the same DNA.
  • The technique helps identify suspects or victims based on crime scene DNA samples.

DNA Profiling Applications

  • Paternity cases: Comparing offspring DNA with potential fathers determines parentage with high accuracy.
  • Forensic investigations: Linking suspects to crime scenes using biological evidence found at the scene (blood, semen, hair, etc.).
  • Locating lost/missing children: Identifying individuals using DNA fingerprints.
  • Identifying genetic disorders: Detecting inherited disorders in both prenatal and newborn babies.
  • Developing cures for inherited diseases: Studying DNA patterns associated with diseases, assisting in disease treatments/cures.
  • Personal identification: Collecting DNA fingerprints for personnel identification in the armed services.
### Problems with DNA Fingerprinting

- There is a remote possibility of two non-identical twins having matching genetic structures.
- Human error or contamination can introduce inaccuracies into results.

### Benefits of DNA Fingerprinting

- DNA evidence can help convict criminals who may escape prosecution due to lack of other evidence.
- DNA databanks can assist in identification efforts.

Recombinant DNA Technology

  • Recombinant DNA technology combines genes from unrelated species.
  • This involves extracting genes from an organism's nucleus and splicing them into a new organism's chromosomes.
  • The new organism traits are affected by these donated genes, forming transgenic organisms.
  • This technique involves laboratory manipulation of different DNA sources.
  • DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes.
  • Fragments are linked together using DNA ligase.
  • Recombinant DNA is inserted into host organism chromosomes using a gene gun.
  • The organism uses the new DNA to produce desired products.

Steps in Recombinant DNA

  • Step 1: Using restriction enzymes to cut DNA
  • Step 2: Combining the desired gene from the targeted DNA fragment with a piece of DNA from the recipient organism. Involves plasmid vectors(small, circular pieces of DNA).
  • Step 3: Inserting the recombinant DNA into the host organism and creating many copies (clones).

CRISPR/Cas9 Technology

  • CRISPR-Cas9 is a revolutionary gene-editing technology, allowing targeted DNA manipulation in a highly efficient, specific, and easily applicable system.
  • It mimics the natural bacterial defense system and has numerous applications in various areas of research and medicine.
  • The Cas9 protein, guided by guide RNA, precisely cuts DNA, enabling the removal, repair, or alteration of genes.
  • CRISPR has advantages in simplicity, low cost, high accuracy, and rapid turnaround time compared to other gene editing tools.

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DNA Profiling/Fingerprinting PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on recombinant DNA technology and gene therapy with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as DNA fingerprinting, restriction enzymes, and the significance of therapeutic cloning. Answer questions on the roles of various enzymes and the implications of gene modification.

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