Recognizing Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

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Questions and Answers

What is the legal right of patients, particularly those who are involuntarily committed, to receive?

Adequate treatment (correct)

Refusal of treatment

Community residence

Aftercare services

Which patient right is centered around biological treatment?

Right to treatment

Right to community residence

Right to aftercare

Right to refuse treatment (correct)

What is a characteristic of delirium?

Gradual decline in cognitive function

Fast-moving and fluctuating disturbances in attention and orientation (correct)

Perceptual-motor skills impairment

Substantial decline in memory and learning

Which cognitive function is NOT affected in major neurocognitive disorder?

Emotional regulation Signup and view all the answers

What is a right granted to patients released from state mental hospitals?

Right to aftercare and community residence Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of delirium?

Misinterpretations, illusions, and hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason behind the state's authority to commit disturbed people?

To protect the interests of the individual and of society Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge in civil commitment proceedings?

Assessing a person's dangerousness Signup and view all the answers

What is a right that people who are civilly committed retain?

The right to treatment in a humane environment Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for treatment in civil commitment?

Treatment must be time-limited, with regular re-petitioning for additional time Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstances can a patient's right to refuse treatment be waived?

If the patient is DTS, DTO, acutely psychotic, etc. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reduction or complete absence of emotion in individuals with schizophrenia?

Flat affect Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the loss of ability to experience pleasure in things that were once pleasurable in individuals with schizophrenia?

Anhedonia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inability to persist in goal-directed tasks in individuals with schizophrenia?

Avolition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the severe reduction or complete absence of speech in individuals with schizophrenia?

Alogia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of schizophrenia that is characterized by mostly positive symptoms, such as delusions and hallucinations?

Type I schizophrenia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of schizophrenia that is characterized by mostly negative symptoms, such as restricted affect and poverty of speech?

Type II schizophrenia Signup and view all the answers

What is the concordance rate for identical twins in terms of developing schizophrenia?

48% Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the theory that suggests that schizophrenia is caused by excessive dopamine activity in the brain?

Dopamine hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the abnormal brain structures seen in some cases of schizophrenia, including enlarged ventricles?

Abnormal brain structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the emotional atmosphere in a family that is characterized by high levels of criticism, hostility, and emotional over-involvement?

Expressed emotion Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the 'guilty mind' or intention of guilt in a criminal act?

Mens rea Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the insanity defense?

To determine if the defendant was mentally incapacitated at the time of the crime Signup and view all the answers

Which test/rule states that the crime was a product of a 'mental disease or defect'?

Durham Rule Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of felony cases in which a defendant pleads Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity?

1 in 100 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a defendant who is found guilty but is also recognized as having a mental illness?

Guilty but Mentally Ill Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a defendant who does not understand what is happening to them in a courtroom and cannot participate in their own defense?

Incompetent to Stand Trial Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome if a defendant is found incompetent to stand trial and is deemed restorable?

The defendant is sent to a restoration program Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criticism of the Guilty but Mentally Ill verdict?

It does not guarantee treatment for the defendant's mental illness Signup and view all the answers

What is the burden of proof in the Insanity Defense Reform Act?

On the defense to prove the defendant's insanity Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of insanity pleas that result in acquittal?

26% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes mild neurocognitive disorder from major neurocognitive disorder?

Level of cognitive decline Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for short-term memory?

Temporal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between expressive aphasia and receptive aphasia?

Ability to understand tone and expressions Signup and view all the answers

Which neurocognitive disorder is characterized by memory problems, personality changes, mood difficulties, and severe twitching and spasms?

Huntington's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

Misshapen proteins called prions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for vascular dementia?

Aerobic exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary finding of the Nun Study regarding Alzheimer's disease?

Intellectual activity reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of apraxia?

Inability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for Alzheimer's disease?

Drug therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin has been shown to have a positive effect against cognitive decline?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Civil Commitment and Rights

The state's authority to commit disturbed individuals is based on its duty to protect the individual and society.
Emergency commitment requires immediate action, as waiting for commitment proceedings can put lives at risk.
Criticisms of civil commitment include:
- Difficulty in assessing a person's dangerousness.
- Vague legal definitions of "mental illness" and "dangerousness".
- Questionable therapeutic value of civil commitment.
Rights retained by individuals who are civilly committed include:
- Right to treatment: humane environment, qualified staff, individualized treatment plans, and minimized restrictions.
- Right to the least restrictive environment: outpatient, inpatient, or combination.
- Treatment must be time-limited: 90, 180, or 365 days, with the option to re-petition for additional time.
- Right to refuse treatment: informed consent is required, unless the patient is DTS, DTO, or acutely psychotic.

Neurocognitive Disorders

Mild neurocognitive disorder:
- Displays modest decline in at least one area of cognitive functioning, such as memory, attention, or language ability.
- Cognitive deficits do not interfere with everyday independence.
Symptoms of neurocognitive disorders (A-words):
- Memory impairment (short-term, then long-term).
- Aphasia (language disturbance).
- Apraxia (inability to carry out motor activities).
- Agnosia (failure to recognize or identify objects).
- Disturbance in executive functioning.
- Changes in emotional and personality function.

Aphasia

Expressive Aphasia (Broca's area):
- Ideas are present, but the individual cannot express them in spoken or written language.
Receptive Aphasia (Wernicke's area):
- Can understand tone and expressions, but not words.
- Can speak, but sentences do not make sense.

Neurocognitive Disorders (continued)

Difference between mild and major neurocognitive disorders:
- Mild: modest decline, able to function independently.
- Major: substantial decline, interferes with independence.
Briefly describe various neurocognitive disorders:
- Alzheimer's disease: most common type, marked by memory impairment, usually occurring after age 65.
- Pick's disease (Frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder): rare, affecting frontal and temporal lobes.
- Huntington's disease: inherited, with memory problems, personality changes, and severe twitching and spasms.
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: rare, with symptoms including spasms of the body.
- Parkinson's disease: slowly progressive, marked by tremors, rigidity, and unsteadiness.

Alzheimer's Disease

Genetic, structural, and biochemical causes:
- Neurofibrillary tangle.
- Senile plaques (amyloid plaques).
- Shrinkage of the brain.
Treatments:
- Drug therapy.
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy.
- Support for caregivers.
Prevention:
- Aerobic exercise and mental activity.
- Reducing risk factors for TBI and strokes.
- Vitamin B12, D, and E have a positive effect against cognitive decline.
- Estrogen and/or NSAIDs have a protective effect.

Insanity Defense

Insanity defense: a person is so mentally incapacitated that they did not have mens rea (guilty mind) when they committed the act.
Compare and contrast different insanity defense tests:
- M'Naghten rule (1843): did not know what they were doing or did not know it was wrong.
- Irresistible Impulse rule (1934): driven by an irresistible impulse to perform the act.
- Durham rule (1954): crime was a product of a mental disease or defect.
- American Law Institute (ALI) rule (1962): unable to either know their behavior was wrong or control their actions.
- Insanity Defense Reform Act (1984): did not know their behavior was wrong due to a mental disease or intellectual disability.
Problems with the insanity defense:
- Controversial, with perceived abuse of the system.
- Used infrequently, with only 26% of attempts resulting in acquittal.
- Defendants found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity may serve as much time as those found guilty.

Competency and Guilty but Mentally Ill

Competency to stand trial:
- Defendants must understand what is happening in the courtroom and be able to participate in their own defense.
Guilty but Mentally Ill (GBMI):
- Defendants are incarcerated for their crime, but their mental illness is recognized.
- No guarantee of treatment for their mental illness.

Patients' Rights

Right to treatment:
- Legal right to receive adequate treatment.
Right to refuse treatment:
- Legal right to refuse certain forms of treatment.
Other patients' rights:
- Right to aftercare and an appropriate community residence.
- Right to an appropriate community residence, such as a group home.

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Description

This quiz covers the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, including alogia, restricted affect, avolition, anhedonia, and social withdrawal. Test your knowledge of these symptoms and how they affect individuals with schizophrenia. Learn about the reduction or absence of emotions, inability to persist in tasks, and loss of pleasure in activities.