Recherche sociologique Introduction 2

Exam: Introduction to Sociological Research #2

• Problem Formulation/Problematization: A sociological problem is posed, needing empirical investigation; posing the problem involves examining the social facts.
• Identifying Shared Beliefs/Facts: Begin by identifying common beliefs, or commonly recognized situations relative to the subject matter of study.
• Predictive Statements and Logical Inference: Create a set of predictive statements and logical inferences based on the shared beliefs/facts.
• Contradictions: Locate circumstances that oppose or contradict the previously identified inferences/statements.
• Possible Truth in the Face of Contradictions: Ponder how the established beliefs/shared understandings might still be valid even with contradictory evidence.

• Criteria for Problem Formulation: Two crucial criteria are required: theoretical consistency and empirical pertinence or appropriateness.
• The Necessity for Empirical Verification: Concepts, questions, and hypotheses must be empirically verifiable.
• Avoiding Descriptive Questions: Avoid questions that focus solely on describing a phenomenon; instead, aim for questions with a specific unique focus, and avoid overly broad questions, also focus on refining a subject to avoid spread of the focus.
• Meaningful Questions: Refine overly broad research questions and unnaturally occurring phenomena.

Problem Types and Components

• Components of the Problem: The problem's components are the facts, actors, and associated factors.
• Double Relevance: Both a social and scientific pertinence are crucial to the problem.

Research Methods: Analysis

• Deductive Method: Affirm, confirmatory studies, use empirical knowledge from data.
• Inductive Method: Hypothesis generation based on empirical knowledge, analytical process.
• Analytic Methods: Formulation of research questions, observation, inductive methods.

Model Construction Analysis

• Concept Building: Ideas are a starting point – concrete and abstract representations.
• Systems Thinking Applications: Concepts, such as "intelligence," are often complex and include many measurable aspects.

Concept Dimensionalization

• Dimensions/Components of Concepts: Concepts can be broken down into many smaller concepts: indicating (elements) of a variable (characteristic or attribute).
• Relationships Between Variables: Variables are related to each other (dependent on another). A phenomenon might have multiple variables.

Hypothesis Formulation

• Hypothesis Role: Provisional explanation of a phenomenon to be tested.

Research Method 1; Observation

• Observation Focus: Recognizing that social awareness extends beyond what actors explicitly say.
• Contextual Awareness: Sociological observation involves recognition of the social situation and how factors and actors interact.
• Purposeful Observation: Observation has a specific focus, and efforts are made to identify the significant elements.

Different Observation Levels

• Macro Level: Observing broad social structures (societies).
• Meso Level: Focusing on the context of a social group or organization.
• Micro Level: Examining interaction in small groups.

Research Method 2: Questionnaire

• Construction of Instruments: Essential tools in constructing questionnaires are consistency and careful observation to avoid biases.
• Defining Questions: The questions must relate to the specific research question.
• Relevance in Social Understanding: Questionnaires highlight the importance of understanding the social world.

Research Method 3: Interviewing

• Structured Interviews: Questionnaires with predetermined questions and answers.
• Semi-structured Interviews: Interviews with pre-planned questions but allowing for flexible follow-up.
• Unstructured Interviews: Interviews with flexible, open-ended questions and discussion.
• Interview Benefits: Interviews can provide deeper insights, and they allow for clarification and context.
• Interview Challenges: Interviewing can be more complex and costly than other approaches, and the interviewer might affect the answers received.

Types of Responses

• Diverse Responses: The analysis must account for varying responses, as people have diverse responses to questions.
• Meaning of Responses: Responses are analysed to understand their meaning.

Data Analysis

• Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis tools for correlation studies.
• Correlation Analysis: Establishing relationships between different aspects.
• Inferential Statistical Techniques: Using data to make broader conclusions about patterns in the data.

Qualitative Content Analysis

• Understanding Cultural and Artistic Content: Examining patterns and meaning in cultural and artistic content.
• Identifying Patterns in Texts: Analyzing patterns of language, concepts, and themes across texts.

Ce quiz explore les étapes de la recherche sociologique, y compris la formulation de problèmes, l'identification des croyances partagées et les déclarations prédictives. Il aborde également la manière de traiter les contradictions et la validité des croyances face à des preuves contradictoires. Testez vos connaissances sur la vérification empirique et les critères de formulation de problèmes.