Recherche d'informations et outils de classement

D1: Informations et données

• D1.1 Recherche et veille informationnelle: A strategy is needed for information retrieval which involves: defining information needs, formulating the need, identifying relevant sources, choosing appropriate tools, using those tools, and assessing the quality of results.
• I. Les sources d'information: Information sources on the web can be categorized as: traditional sources (news agencies, private/public organizations, expert associations, scientific publications) that have established validation processes; and emerging, less formal collective sources (e.g., Wikipedia) with varying levels of information validation; and informal sources (personal webpages, blogs) with no formal control.
• II. L'indexation du contenu: Documents are indexed with keywords to facilitate topic-based searches.

1) Les outils de recherche et l'indexation

• a) Les annuaires de recherche: These tools list pre-selected websites categorized by experts based on quality. They can be browsed by category or searched using keywords. Advantages include good quality sites, but disadvantages include limited results, difficulty updating, and limitations in searching specific topics.
• b) Les moteurs de recherche: These tools retrieve web pages based on queries. Websites are indexed automatically by robots/crawlers. Search processes involve gathering pages (harvesting), indexing significant words, and searching for matching keywords to list relevant pages in order of relevance.

c) Les catalogues de bibliothèques/Les portails documentaires

• Les catalogues de bibliothèques: contain descriptions of library resources (e.g., book details) structured as bibliographic information.
• Les portails documentaires: centralize access to library resources, including online catalogs, full-text articles, and other services.

a) Opérateurs arithmétiques et booléens:

• Search operators (e.g., quotation marks) have specific functions to modify searches.
• Exact-phrase searches use quotation marks.
• Excluding terms uses a minus sign.
• The use of numbers and ranges is supported, like specifying a range of values.

b) Les opérateurs avancés et spécifiques

• Specialized search operators (e.g., filetype) help narrow results by file type (e.g., PDF).
• Website-specific searches use the site operator.
• Searches earlier/later than a date use the "before" and "after" operators.
• Other operators exist for more specific searching.

3) Mener une recherche – Evaluer

• Evaluating a resource involves assessing its relevance to the specific information need. Quality considerations include reliability, clarity, and accessibility of the information.
• Managing found material can encompass: reference in a document, saving the webpage, saving part of a document.

5) La veille informationnelle

• Information monitoring involves staying current with developments in a subject area to stay informed on relevant topics. Methods include aggregating news feeds, subscribing to newsletters, or following microbloggers.

D1.2 Gérer des données

• Files are sequences of information stored physically as binary data blocks.
• Folders (directories) contain files and other folders, creating organizational structures (directories).
• File paths describe locations within the file system, either relative or absolute.
• File names, including extensions, provide additional metadata.
• File content can be structured (documents) or unstructured (raw data).
• File properties include size, creation date, permissions, etc.
• File extensions indicate file types (for example, .txt for text, .pdf for documents, .jpg for image).