Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is included in the estimated building cost?
What is included in the estimated building cost?
- Cost of utilities installation
- Cost of architectural design
- Cost of obtaining permits
- Cost of leveling and landscaping (correct)
Which percentage is commonly suggested for the depreciation and obsolescence allowance?
Which percentage is commonly suggested for the depreciation and obsolescence allowance?
- 10-15%
- 5-10%
- 20-25%
- 15-20% (correct)
Which of the following factors affects the depreciation of a property?
Which of the following factors affects the depreciation of a property?
- Location of the property
- Quality of maintenance (correct)
- Age of the building only
- Initial construction cost
What is a disadvantage of using the cost approach for property valuation?
What is a disadvantage of using the cost approach for property valuation?
When assessing the replacement cost of a building, which factor is NOT considered?
When assessing the replacement cost of a building, which factor is NOT considered?
In the property valuation procedure, what is the first step?
In the property valuation procedure, what is the first step?
Which component is used to determine the market value based on the cost approach?
Which component is used to determine the market value based on the cost approach?
What might be a reason for a lower valuation of a property despite its high construction cost?
What might be a reason for a lower valuation of a property despite its high construction cost?
What is the primary purpose of the cost approach in real property valuation?
What is the primary purpose of the cost approach in real property valuation?
Which type of depreciation considers wear and tear on the property due to age and lack of maintenance?
Which type of depreciation considers wear and tear on the property due to age and lack of maintenance?
What is included in the adjusted replacement cost calculation?
What is included in the adjusted replacement cost calculation?
Which of the following properties is the cost approach typically not used for?
Which of the following properties is the cost approach typically not used for?
How is the total property value derived using the cost approach?
How is the total property value derived using the cost approach?
When is it unnecessary to include land value in the cost approach calculation?
When is it unnecessary to include land value in the cost approach calculation?
In what scenario is the cost approach particularly useful?
In what scenario is the cost approach particularly useful?
What does the acronym ELV stand for in the cost approach formula?
What does the acronym ELV stand for in the cost approach formula?
What is the total cost of the site and building combined before accounting for obsolescence?
What is the total cost of the site and building combined before accounting for obsolescence?
What is the obsolescence allowance applied to the valuation?
What is the obsolescence allowance applied to the valuation?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the Residual Method?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the Residual Method?
The value of property, according to the Profits Method, is primarily determined by what?
The value of property, according to the Profits Method, is primarily determined by what?
Which properties are typically valued using the Profits Method?
Which properties are typically valued using the Profits Method?
What does Gross Development Value (GDV) represent?
What does Gross Development Value (GDV) represent?
The residual value of land can be calculated using which formula?
The residual value of land can be calculated using which formula?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Residual Method?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Residual Method?
What is the equation used to calculate Gross Profit?
What is the equation used to calculate Gross Profit?
What does the Investment/Income Approach primarily assess?
What does the Investment/Income Approach primarily assess?
If £1,000 is invested with a required rate of return of 8%, what will be the annual income?
If £1,000 is invested with a required rate of return of 8%, what will be the annual income?
If the income from an investment is £8,000 per annum and the required rate of return is 8%, what is the capital sum that should be paid for the investment?
If the income from an investment is £8,000 per annum and the required rate of return is 8%, what is the capital sum that should be paid for the investment?
What type of properties typically utilizes the Investment/Income Approach for valuation?
What type of properties typically utilizes the Investment/Income Approach for valuation?
In the example given, LMN Realty is interested in a property that aims to generate what type of income?
In the example given, LMN Realty is interested in a property that aims to generate what type of income?
What information is crucial when using the Investment/Income Approach for real estate?
What information is crucial when using the Investment/Income Approach for real estate?
What could be a key factor for investors when calculating income from an investment?
What could be a key factor for investors when calculating income from an investment?
What is the Net Operating Income (NOI) based on the given rental income and operating expenses?
What is the Net Operating Income (NOI) based on the given rental income and operating expenses?
What is the formula used to estimate the property value using the Capitalization Rate?
What is the formula used to estimate the property value using the Capitalization Rate?
What growth rate is assumed for rental income and operating expenses?
What growth rate is assumed for rental income and operating expenses?
In the cost approach, which factor is considered to determine the value of a property?
In the cost approach, which factor is considered to determine the value of a property?
When is the cost approach most suitable for evaluating properties?
When is the cost approach most suitable for evaluating properties?
What is the primary focus of the residual approach?
What is the primary focus of the residual approach?
What limitation does the cost approach have in property evaluation?
What limitation does the cost approach have in property evaluation?
How is the capitalization rate calculated in property valuation?
How is the capitalization rate calculated in property valuation?
Which factor is NOT considered in the residual approach when determining land value?
Which factor is NOT considered in the residual approach when determining land value?
How does the profit approach primarily estimate the value of a property?
How does the profit approach primarily estimate the value of a property?
Which of the following is a key component in assessing risk using the investment approach?
Which of the following is a key component in assessing risk using the investment approach?
What is a primary focus of the investment approach in property valuation?
What is a primary focus of the investment approach in property valuation?
Which factor is essential for the profit approach when estimating a property's value?
Which factor is essential for the profit approach when estimating a property's value?
In the residual approach, what does assessing financial viability entail?
In the residual approach, what does assessing financial viability entail?
Which of the following accurately describes the profit approach's usage?
Which of the following accurately describes the profit approach's usage?
What role do market capitalization rates play in the investment approach?
What role do market capitalization rates play in the investment approach?
Flashcards
Cost/Cost Summative Approach
Cost/Cost Summative Approach
A valuation method that estimates property worth based on the cost of rebuilding or replacing it, adjusted for depreciation.
Physical Depreciation
Physical Depreciation
Depreciation that occurs due to wear and tear caused by age, weather, and lack of upkeep.
Functional Depreciation
Functional Depreciation
Depreciation that considers how useful or desirable a property is.
Adjusted Replacement Cost
Adjusted Replacement Cost
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Cost Approach
Cost Approach
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When is the Cost Approach Used?
When is the Cost Approach Used?
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Cost Approach Equation
Cost Approach Equation
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What are some uses of the Cost Approach?
What are some uses of the Cost Approach?
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Depreciation
Depreciation
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Replacement Cost
Replacement Cost
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Cost Approach Valuation
Cost Approach Valuation
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Obsolescence
Obsolescence
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Land Improvements Cost
Land Improvements Cost
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Land Value
Land Value
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Market Value (Cost Approach)
Market Value (Cost Approach)
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Depreciation Assessment
Depreciation Assessment
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Residual Method
Residual Method
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Gross Development Value (GDV)
Gross Development Value (GDV)
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Profits Method
Profits Method
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Sales Comparison Approach
Sales Comparison Approach
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Gross Profit
Gross Profit
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Net Profit
Net Profit
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Investment/Income Approach
Investment/Income Approach
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Rate of Return
Rate of Return
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Income = Capital * i / 100
Income = Capital * i / 100
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Capitalization
Capitalization
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Capital = Income * 100 / i
Capital = Income * 100 / i
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What is the Residual Approach?
What is the Residual Approach?
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How does the residual approach help assess risk?
How does the residual approach help assess risk?
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What is the Profit Approach?
What is the Profit Approach?
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When is the Profit Approach used?
When is the Profit Approach used?
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What factors are used in the Profit Approach?
What factors are used in the Profit Approach?
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What is the Investment Approach?
What is the Investment Approach?
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How do comparable properties help in the Investment Approach?
How do comparable properties help in the Investment Approach?
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How does the investment approach assess risk?
How does the investment approach assess risk?
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Study Notes
Cost Approach
- The cost approach is a traditional method for real property valuation.
- It estimates a property's value by calculating the cost to reproduce or replace it, adjusted for depreciation.
- The value is estimated by summing the land value and depreciated value of improvements.
- This approach was previously known as the summation approach.
Steps in the Cost Approach
- Estimate Replacement Cost: Determine the cost of materials, labor, and overhead needed to construct a comparable new structure.
- Consider Depreciation: Categorize depreciation into three types:
- Physical depreciation: Wear and tear from age, weathering, and lack of maintenance.
- Functional depreciation: Loss of usefulness or desirability.
- Economic depreciation: Loss due to factors outside the physical condition of the property.
- Calculate Adjusted Replacement Cost: After considering all forms of depreciation, calculate the adjusted replacement cost. This represents the estimated current value of the property based on its replacement cost, adjusted for depreciation.
- Add Land Value: In some cases, the land value is added to the adjusted replacement cost to derive the total property value. If the land value is already known or separately assessed, it may not be necessary.
Uses of the Cost Approach
- Used for special-use properties.
- Used to value new buildings and machinery.
- Used for special purpose valuations (insurance, rating, rent restriction, and tax assessment).
- Used to assess non-commercial and residential properties like town halls, schools, police stations, public buildings, and industrial plants.
Precise Steps of the Cost Approach
- Estimate the building cost (new).
- Add the cost of land improvements (e.g., leveling, paving, landscaping).
- Value the building and site works.
- Subtract depreciation and obsolescence (e.g., 15-20% of building cost).
- Add estimated land value from comparable sales.
- Indicate market value based on cost approach or depreciated replacement cost.
Depreciation
- Depreciation is the loss in value of a property due to use, life, wear, tear, decay, and obsolescence.
- It's an assessment of the physical wear and tear of the building or property.
- It's dependent on original condition, maintenance quality, and type of use.
- The value of a building or property (excluding land) decreases gradually up to the utility period.
Advantages of the Cost Approach
- Sets the value at the actual price of the property.
Disadvantages of the Cost Approach
- Relies on other valuation methods to derive the land value.
- Neglects the difference in cost versus value (a property might be cheaper but generate higher income).
Residual Method
- Used when a property has development/redevelopment potential.
- Used for properties with latent value that can be released by investment or redevelopment.
- Used for properties that can become more valuable by improvements or modernization.
- Example: A purchaser assesses a house's worth at $100,000 and improvement costs of $40,000. Potential resale value is $180,000.
- It involves complex variables. It's the only method for valuing properties with latent value.
- Used for valuation of development projects, such as bare land, complete redevelopment, or refurbishment/rehabilitation.
Profits Method
- Assumes property value relates to the profit generated.
- Used for specific property types (hotels, cinemas, petrol stations, restaurants).
- Used when rental evidence is absent or inconclusive.
- Property value derived from sales-level profits.
- Property value estimated using knowledge of profits. Formula: Gross profit = Gross earnings - cost of goods sold. Net Profit = Gross Profit - Working Expenses
Investment/Income Approach
- Determines the present value of future benefits from property ownership.
- Used to value income-producing properties.
- Calculates the capital value of future income streams under given market conditions.
- Valued interests include freehold, leasehold, and similar land interests.
- Valuer estimates the present value of income stream.
Additional Information (Capital Gain)
- Most investors seek annual income or capital gains.
- Calculating income when investor capital and return are known:
- Income = Capital * i / 100. where i = Required rate of return in percent.
Additional Information (Income Calculation Example)
- Example: £1,000 invested at 8 percent, annual income = £1,000 * 8/100=£80.
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