Real Estate Investment and Financing Basics
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Questions and Answers

What type of mortgages are secured by CMBS?

  • Mortgages on industrial real estate
  • Non-insured mortgages on residential properties
  • CMHC insured mortgages on residential properties
  • Mortgages on commercial real estate (correct)
  • What type of mortgages are secured by NHA MBS?

  • Mortgages on agricultural real estate
  • CMHC insured mortgages on residential properties (correct)
  • Non-insured mortgages on residential properties
  • Mortgages on commercial real estate
  • What type of mortgages are secured by RMBS?

  • Non-insured mortgages on residential properties (correct)
  • Mortgages on commercial real estate
  • Mortgages on vacation properties
  • CMHC insured mortgages on residential properties
  • What is the sequential distribution of cash from mortgage-backed securities known as?

    <p>Waterfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who provides credit ratings to each tranche of mortgage-backed securities?

    <p>Rating Agency CBRS Standard &amp; Poors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does each tranche of mortgage-backed securities participate in?

    <p>Cash flows derived from the underlying mortgages based on its level of seniority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum percentage of revenue that must come from rent or mortgage interest and capital gains from real properties for a trust to qualify as a REIT?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Canada, what percentage of a REIT's properties' fair market value must be in Canada for it to qualify as a REIT?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical percentage of their income that REITs distribute?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of investors benefit from REIT taxation that allows income to flow through to unitholders?

    <p>Non-taxable institutional investors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of premiums for mortgage loan insurance required for down payments less than 20% in Canada?

    <p>0.6% to 4.50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of institutions are attracted to real estate investment due to diversification, low covariance with other assets, and availability of large size investments?

    <p>Pension funds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does development financing typically involve?

    <p>Capital for predevelopment, land acquisition, construction, stabilization, and take-out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does entitlements in real estate development refer to?

    <p>Constraints by local governments including zoning and infrastructure requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of construction contracts mentioned in the text?

    <p>Fixed price, guaranteed maximum price, and cost plus options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in project management costs for real estate development?

    <p>Lease-up and operating costs to bring a property to a stabilized level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of take-out financing in real estate development?

    <p>Arranged once the property reaches stabilized NOI in the form of a mortgage loan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does site work involve in real estate development?

    <p>Preparing the site, creating infrastructure, and managing unanticipated risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Real Estate Operating Companies (REOC) and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REIT)?

    <p>REOCs pay regular corporate taxes, while REITs have specific asset and income requirements and public trading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating Net Present Value (NPV)?

    <p>$NPV = \sum\frac{CF_t}{(1 + r)^t} - Initial Investment$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) measure?

    <p>Annual growth rate and is compared to the hurdle rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a part of development costs in real estate?

    <p>Professional services, environmental studies, land acquisition, permits, and zoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of exit strategies in real estate investment?

    <p>$Right of First Offer$, $Right of First Refusal$, $Shotgun Clause$, and $Sale by Appraisal$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Allocation of profit' involve in real estate investment?

    <p>Preferred returns, promote, and claw back for investors and partners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main financial decision-making metrics used in the investment process?

    <p>Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate Of Return (IRR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of equity holders in real estate investment?

    <p>They have unlimited upside and the possibility to limit downside risk through equity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of direct proprietorship in real estate equity investment?

    <p>Owners have unlimited liability which extends to their other assets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an indirect partnership for real estate equity investment, what is a characteristic of limited partners (LP)?

    <p>They are only at risk for their investments and their income from the property is taxed in their hands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tax treatment of income from a property under indirect partnership for general partners (GP)?

    <p>The income of the property is taxed in the hands of the partners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes NPV and IRR from other financial metrics used in real estate investment analysis?

    <p>They take into account the time value of money and provide a clear measure of profitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of securities are secured by mortgages on commercial real estate?

    <p>CMBS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of securities are secured by non-insured mortgages on residential properties?

    <p>RMBS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequential distribution of cash from mortgage-backed securities known as?

    <p>Waterfall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of tranches in mortgage-backed securities?

    <p>To participate in the cash flows based on seniority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency provides credit ratings to each tranche of mortgage-backed securities?

    <p>Standard &amp; Poor's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are NHA MBS secured by?

    <p>CMHC insured mortgages on residential properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of direct proprietorship in real estate equity investment?

    <p>Unlimited liability which extends to the owners’ other assets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tax treatment of income from a property under indirect partnership for general partners (GP)?

    <p>Taxed in the hands of the partners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does entitlements in real estate development refer to?

    <p>Rights to use and develop a property as allowed by government regulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mortgages are secured by CMBS?

    <p>Commercial mortgages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of take-out financing in real estate development?

    <p>To replace interim financing with long-term financing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does each tranche of mortgage-backed securities participate in?

    <p>Sequential distribution of cash flows from underlying mortgage pool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different stages involved in real estate development?

    <p>Site selection, predevelopment, entitlements, and construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential unanticipated risks during the site work stage of real estate development?

    <p>Environmental, soil, and cultural issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of bridge financing in real estate development?

    <p>To provide temporary financing until the property reaches its stabilized NOI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) required to distribute to shareholders?

    <p>A significant portion of their income</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of real estate assets can Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) invest in?

    <p>Residential, commercial, and industrial properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of construction loans in real estate development?

    <p>To fund the total expected cost and anticipated value at stabilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Real Estate Operating Companies (REOC) and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REIT)?

    <p>REOCs are corporations primarily investing or operating in real estate, paying regular corporate taxes, while REITs are legal entities whose primary business is real estate investment, with specific requirements for assets and income.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Allocation of profit' involve in real estate investment?

    <p>Preferred returns, promote, and claw back are methods of allocating profits in real estate investment partnerships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of take-out financing in real estate development?

    <p>To replace a short-term construction loan with long-term mortgage financing after construction is complete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does site work involve in real estate development?

    <p>Site work includes activities such as grading, excavation, utility installation, and road construction on a development site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in project management costs for real estate development?

    <p>$f(x) = -4(x + 3)^2 + 2$ Professional services, environmental studies, land acquisition, permits, and zoning are included in project management costs for real estate development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical percentage of income that REITs distribute?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of a REIT's property value must be in Canada for it to qualify as a REIT?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of premiums for mortgage loan insurance required for down payments less than 20% in Canada?

    <p>3.1% to 4.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of REITs mentioned in the text?

    <p>Equity and Debt REITs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of entities attracted to real estate investment mentioned in the text?

    <p>$Entity_1$, $Entity_2$, $Entity_3$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some factors included in credit and risk assessment for real estate finance?

    <p>$Factor_4$, $Factor_5$, $Factor_6$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Real Estate Investment and Financing

    • Corporations, owned by shareholders, with a BOD and management, pay corporate taxes and distribute income through dividends.
    • Real Estate Operating Companies (REOC) are corporations primarily investing or operating real estate projects, paying regular corporate taxes.
    • Real Estate Investment Trusts (REIT) are legal entities primarily investing in real estate, with specific asset and income requirements and public trading.
    • Net Present Value (NPV) is the sum of cash flow PV minus initial investment, compared to the discount rate or hurdle rate.
    • Internal Rate of Return (IRR) measures annual growth rate and is compared to the hurdle rate, calculated on unlevered or levered basis.
    • Allocation of profit includes preferred returns, promote, and claw back for investors and partners.
    • Exit strategies, such as Right of First Offer, Right of First Refusal, Shotgun Clause, and Sale by Appraisal, can ease investor exits.
    • Capital structure includes secured debt, wrap-around, mezzanine debt, unsecured debt, and preferred equity.
    • Additional sources of funds include Sale Leaseback, Ground Lease, Pad Sale, and Sale of rights.
    • Development involves creating new properties, driven by specific user requirements or speculation, with development and construction costs.
    • Development costs include professional services, environmental studies, land acquisition, permits, and zoning.
    • Soft costs, part of development costs, start before construction and include professional services, studies, acquisition, permits, and zoning.

    Real Estate Development and Financing Overview

    • Real estate development involves several stages including site selection, predevelopment, entitlements, and construction with various costs associated with each stage.
    • Construction costs include site preparation, building costs, and infrastructure development, and can be influenced by change orders and unforeseen risks.
    • Types of construction contracts include fixed price, guaranteed maximum price, and cost plus contracts, each offering different levels of protection for the developer or the construction company.
    • Unanticipated risks during the site work stage can include environmental, soil, and cultural issues, potentially leading to cost overruns.
    • Interior finishing and tenant fit-out are critical in preparing the building for its ultimate purpose, with funding often provided by the developer through tenant allowances.
    • Bringing a property to a stabilized income level can result in additional costs for the developer, including interest (carrying) costs and operational costs such as leasing and sales expenses.
    • Delays in construction can negatively impact pre-leasing and pre-sales, leading to development risks including carrying costs of land and construction cost overruns.
    • Development financing is required for different phases of development, with predevelopment typically funded by the developer's capital or corporate credit, and land acquisition and construction loans available with specific terms and conditions.
    • Construction loans are based on the total expected cost and anticipated value at stabilization, with funding for carrying and operational costs during stabilization sometimes included.
    • Bridge financing in the form of a mini perm can be arranged if the property has not reached its stabilized NOI, with take-out financing typically arranged once the property has reached its stabilized NOI or has been delivered to tenants.
    • Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) are special purpose legal entities whose primary business is real estate investment, providing a vehicle for investment in real estate with specific tax advantages and requirements.
    • REITs can invest in various types of real estate assets, including residential, commercial, and industrial properties, and are required to distribute a significant portion of their income to shareholders.

    Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and Real Estate Finance

    • Equity REITs purchase, own, and manage income-producing properties, while Mortgage REITs focus on real estate debt, and Hybrid REITs combine both.
    • REITs must meet specific qualifications, such as having at least 90% of their revenue come from rent or mortgage interest, and 75% of their property value in Canada.
    • REITs must be publicly traded, with a high level of distributions, typically around 90% of income.
    • Income within a REIT is not taxed if distributed to unitholders, providing an advantage to non-taxable institutional investors.
    • The Canadian housing finance system involves mortgage originators, financial institutions, and non-regulated finance companies.
    • Mortgage origination in Canada is dominated by banks, with 80% of mortgages originating from federally regulated lenders.
    • Mortgage loan insurance is required for down payments less than 20% of the purchase price, with premiums ranging from 0.6% to 4.50% of the mortgage amount.
    • Real estate investment offers diversification, low covariance with other assets, and availability of large size investments, attracting entities like Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec and Canada Pension Plan.
    • Debt securities are governed by terms and conditions, including interest rate, amortization, maturity date, security, seniority, and covenants.
    • Debt can be issued privately through a lender or syndicate, or publicly through investment bankers, offering options like bonds, notes, commercial paper, and credit.
    • Credit and risk assessment for real estate finance includes evaluating credit metrics, leverage, coverage, security, recourse, non-recourse, seniority, and covenants.
    • Investors in real estate finance include commercial banks, investment banks, insurance companies, pension funds, private equity funds, sovereign funds, individuals/families, conduits, and various types of mortgage-backed securities.

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    Test your knowledge of real estate investment and financing principles, including corporate structures, investment vehicles, financial metrics, profit allocation, exit strategies, capital structure, and sources of funds.

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