Reading and Writing

• Reading involves interpreting written symbols to gain meaning.
• It is both a receptive and productive skill, allowing for information reception and transmission.
• Writing uses symbols to communicate thoughts and ideas.
• Understanding language basics like grammar and vocabulary is essential for effective writing.
• Reading and writing serve purposes beyond information retention.
• They focus on meaning-making through:

Identifying Author's Intentions

• Understanding intended meaning

Determining Personal Interpretation

• Creating individual understanding

Articulating Thoughts

• Comparing ideas and expressing meaning

Reading Process

Before Reading

• Preview material and formulate initial questions

During Reading

• Annotate reactions and thoughts while reading

After Reading

• Answer initial questions, reread, reflect, and define author's meaning

Types of Reading

• Skimming focuses on the main idea
• Scanning seeks specific information
• Intensive Reading analyzes all details
• Extensive Reading aims for pleasure

Writing Process

Prewriting

• Develop content, consider audience, and define purpose

During Writing

• Thoughts/ideas, explaining content

Revising

• Ensuring information and ideas are sufficient and organized

Definition of "Text"

• A written material expressing a central idea, made of sentences with cohesion

Text Qualities

Cohesion

• Parts are interconnected

Coherence

• Implies the text has meaning

Intentionality

• Understanding a writer's attitude and purpose

Acceptability

• Text recognition

Informativity

• The amount of information provided

Situationality

• Topic being situationally appropriate

Intertextuality

• Linked to preceding discourse

Discourse Definition

• A formal and lengthy discussion of a topic with organized concepts
• Derived from Latin "discursus" conversation
• Text with distinct features and purpose
• It is an extended expression of thoughts/ideas
• Some discourse examples: journal/diary, news article, thesis/dissertation

Purposes of Discourse

To Inform

• Provides facts, instructions, or directions, like textbooks and newspapers

To Persuade

• Appeals to emotion or encourages actions, like advertisements or speeches

To Entertain

• Gives amusement or enjoyment, like TV scripts or comic books

Types of Discourse

Academic

• Formal and scholarly, like research articles

Literary

• Uses creative language, like poems and diaries

Discourse Influence Factors

Culture

• Argumentation style and formality level

Social Environment

• Societal factors influencing individuals

Personal Experiences

• Shaping values and beliefs

Discourse Markers Definition

• Conjunctions and connectives, linking ideas to form a text
• They connect ideas logically

Discourse Markers Examples

Adding

• Moreover, furthermore, in addition

Comparing

• Similarly, likewise

Emphasizing

• In conclusion, finally

Showing Cause and Effect

• Therefore and thus

Contrasting

• However and although

Sequencing

• Firstly and secondly

Generalizing

• Broadly speaking

Giving Examples

• For example, for instance

Indicating time

• Recently

Text as Connected Discourse

• Interrelated ideas expressing one main idea
• Achieves unity by combining all ideas

Goal of Discourse

• Realizing intended meaning through language

Connected Discourse as Text Definition

• This has distinct features and purpose, with coherently arranged ideas

Requirements to Achieve Written Text

• Ideas are linked logically

Steps for Structuring a Logical Paragraph

• Begin with a topic sentence and support each point with detailed evidence.
• Signal words introduce new points, and a concluding sentence ends the paragraph

Relationship Between Text and Discourse

Text

• Sentences with grammatical cohesion, parts are connected

Discourse

• Utterances with coherence. Overall text has meaning

Techniques for Selecting and Organizing Information

• It includes three basic techniques. These techniques are approaches writers use to organize information gathered to achieve their writing aim and improve craft.

Brainstorming List Technique

• Ggenerates creative ideas by setting topic
• List all related ideas

Idea Map Technique

• Visual representation of ideas connected, showing relationships
• More structured than an idea list

Graphic Organizers Technique

• Visual representation of concepts, structuring data coherently through use of:

Concept Map

Narration

Venn Diagram

Network Tree

Timeline

Plot Diagram

Ishikawa Diagram

Cause and Effect

Flow Chart

Hamburger Chart

Persuasion Map

Problem-Solution Map

Cycle

Series of Events chain

KWL Chart

T-Chart

Outline Definition

• Graphic organizer in words/patterns, plan/summary of project/speech

Outlining Principles

Coordination

• Ideas of same relevance, labeled same way

Subordination

• Minor details placed under major details

Division

• No cluster has only one item

Parallel Construction

• Entries in cluster use same structure/format

Outline Structure Kinds

Topic Outline

Sentence Outline

Number-Letter Format (Outline Format)

Decimal Format (Outline Format)

Thesis Statement Definition

• Central idea of multi-paragraph composition
• Sentence guiding and unifying writer's ideas

Good Thesis Statement Characteristics

• It must be original, must be in the introduction
• It makes a sound argument that can be defended.
• Focused and precise

Patterns of Development Definition

• Aid in sorting information, shaping paragraphs/essays, organizing outlines
• Determines forms that a paper will take
• Compositions combine methods working in function

Patterns of Development

Narration

• Explains an event in chronological order using time/space transitions

Description

• Provides sensory details for vivid writing

Definition

• Explains a term/concept, consisting of: term, class, distinguishing features

Classification & Division

• Categorizes to discern a distinctive way of breaking down a idea into parts

Exemplification

• Provides concrete examples (facts/cases) to make an argument clearer and persuasive

Cause & Effect

• Details why something happens and relationships

Comparison & Contrast

• Highlights similarities/differences

Problem & Solution

• Suggests solutions

Process Analysis

• Explains how something works with clarity

Persuasion

• Describes your position on an issue

Paragraph Definition

• Organized, coherent sentences related to a single topic

Parts of a Paragraph

Introduction

• Topic sentence and background information
• Topic sentence signals paragraph's focus

Body

• Facts, arguments, and analysis
• Supporting sentences provide detail

Conclusion

• Summarizes information and asks "where to next?"

Properties of a Well-Written Text

• Easy to understand, built on paragraphing/coherence: logical/aesthetic

Organization Requirement

• Achievement through logical arrangement of ideas with a focus

Unity Definition

• Oneness of ideas pertaining to the topic sentence

Coherence and Cohesion

• Unity focusing reader's attention on main ideas

Cohesion Meaning

• Related ideas connected on all levels

Language Use Factors

• Enables effective communication; specific, concise, familiar, correct, and appropriate

Levels of Language Use

Informal/Personal

• Slang, texting

Standard/Academic

• Words in books and magazines

Business/Technical

• Scientific terminology

Principles in Language Use/Diction

Use Clear & Concise Sentences

• Avoid redundancies/cliches, avoid "There” and “It”

Use Precise Vocabulary & Be Consistent

Avoid Sexist Language and Adopt Correct Formality

Mechanics Definition

• Determines errors of sentence and sentence structure

Mechanics Aspects

• Subject-verb agreement, prepositions, verb tenses, grammar, spelling, capitalization etc

REMINDER for Academic Texts

• Use Standard English, Avoid contractions and exclamation marks.

Critical Reading Definition

• It is a deeper and more complex engagement with a text

Text Definition

• A piece of writing

Critical Readers Aspects

Analysis

• Analyze arguments, discounts, has good judgement

Type of Material Analysis

• Considers the type, questions if making sense

Critical Reading Strategies

Purpose

• Identify reading purpose and reread
• Allow enough time

Understanding

• Engage with text, ask if you can explain the text

Perspective

• Understand Writer's perspective

Reasons to Read Critically

Foundation

• Read for detailed analysis, and for argumentation skills

Expressions

• Expressions of necessity.

Simple Reading

• Its central idea is the message being imparted. *Recognizes what a text says. Absorbs and understands the text

Critical Reading

• Recognizing the the author's reason for writing, recognize and reflect on the text. Analyze the text with solid/specific evidence.

Questions During Critical Reading

Background

• Build up background picture

What are the sources

• Text indicates the quality of information

Purpose

• See how pieces fit

Logic

• Examine the reasoning

Evidence

• Note the quality, Balance the argument

Critical Thinking Goal

• To identify and secure the elements needed to draw reasonable conclusion; form hypotheses and conjectures.

How to Think Critically

Getting the Main Idea

• Identify the general idea
• Usually found at the beginning, middle, or end

Summarizing

• Recall all information thinking to summarize it

Inferring

• Combining knowledge and clues

Drawing Conclusions

• Done after reading whole text

Sequencing

• Analyzes order of arrangement of events

Determining Fact From Opinion

• Fact is proven, while opinion is unverified

Comparing and Contrasting

• Determining similarities and differences

Problem

• It also involves the process of identifying the cause and effect

Evaluating

• It presents a value judgement based on a set of criteria.

Evaluate through writing

• Statement states judgment which is supported and unbiased

Formation Steps of Evaluation

Begin Feedback & Suggest Solutions

• Be Concise

What is Assertion

• Logically evaluates if claims are valid
• An indication that languages express evaluations.

Counterclaims

• Made to rebut through formal/familiar arguments

Show competence and familiarity with the writers topic.

Show Topic and Positions

• clarify your personal position

Four Elements of Formal Argument

Claim, Counterclaim, Evidence, and Reason

Evaluative statement formation

• Evaluative the quality of the content from the text.
• It can be formulated in one of two ways in evaluating.

Logically evaluates whether the claims of the writer are true or false. Declarative sentences Argument Contain languages that express evaluation

How To Formulate an Evaluative Text?

• Competency, perspectives & positions with claims

Formal Arguments Elements

Statements, Claims, and Counterclaims

Textual Evidence Definition

Details given by author support claims, strengthening arguments

How to add Textual Evidence

• Paraphrasing, Summarizing, Referencing, & Quoting Text

In-text Citation -Proper way to cite a textual reference

Avoiding Plagarism

Accrediting, Quoting, and Summarizing

Evaluation Essay Aspects

Objectivity, Criteria, and Judgement

Evaluation Essay Structure

Intro (title, thesis, and author Summary (The 5 W's) Analysis Conclusion (Restate and Summarize)

Writing Evaluation Essay

Research information, formulate & summarize your topic

Essay Features

• Specific and concise, sophisticated with noun phrases

Features of Writing

Accuracy of language and formality of structure

Academic Paper - Critique Includes

• INCLUDES: Intro, Body, & Conclusion with a Summary of the overall Evaluation

Describe concept and objectives

Forms of Writing

The description, budget, documentation, argument, assertion, and refutation

What is a Literature Review:

• Provides Organization, Knowledge, and Existing Research

Electronic Correspondence

Electronic communications professionally

Use DLSU specific emails when discussing emails Check Emails Often

Structure Emails

• Structure: Clear, Appropriate, Greetings, and NO informal language.

• Workplace, Business, Comminucation It includes documents such as a resume, cover letter, and communications.

Format: Personal profile, work history, and character references

• Curriculum Vita- Is what is studied over the course of your whole life.

Has all relevant achievements over a long period of time. *Length does not matter.

Cover Letter - Should make the viewer want to see and employ the presenter. *Match Resume!

Your end date Help with the transition-gratitude

It includes

• The recommendation letter is a written document discussing a persons abilties.
• State brief story discussing strength and summaries
• Email subject and content should be appropriate and clear.
• The communication should be clear professionally at all times.
• Provide references and contact details