reading and writing

Reading and Writing Skills

• Reading and writing are interconnected and cyclical
• Reading involves decoding and comprehension
• Writing involves conveying meaning visually or tactilely
• Reading improves writing, and writing improves reading

Reading Connections

• Chapter 1 of Reading and Writing Connections
• Reading is a process combining decoding and comprehension
• Reading skills include word recognition, comprehension, and fluency

Why Do We Read?

• Develop background knowledge
• Anticipate and predict
• Build motivation
• Improve vocabulary
• Enjoyment

Benefits of Reading

• Exposure to accurate spelling and correct writing forms
• Learning how to create more complex sentences
• Encouragement of experimental writing
• Understanding the thoughts of others

Writing

• Writing is a method of representing language visually or tactilely
• Writing is a system of graphic symbols to convey meaning

Why Do We Write?

• Express ourselves
• Inform others
• Entertain others
• Explore and learn
• Explain concepts
• Describe events
• Persuade others
• Solve problems

Benefits of Writing

• Ability to voice thoughts
• Utilizing imagination
• Engaging in conversations with others
• Critical reading of others' writing
• Motivation to interact with the text being read

Written Text as Connected Discourse

• Chapter 1, Introduction to how written text is a connected discourse
• Key concepts of phonology, phoneme, morpheme, phone, discourse, allophone

Phonology and Phoneme Definitions

• Phonology is the study of sound patterns in language.
• A phoneme is the smallest unit of speech

Excerpts of Phoneme Definitions

• Phoneme is the smallest segment of language
• A phoneme has unity, meaning, and purpose

Morphemes

• A morpheme is a segment of words or parts of words that have meaning, includes bases or roots and affixes.
• A morpheme can't be divided without losing its meaning, and it retains its meaning in varied grammatical contexts

Affixes (prefixes, suffixes)

• Affixes modify root words by changing their meaning
• Prefixes are added to the beginning of root words
• Suffixes are added to the end of root words

Alliteration and Phonology

• Alliteration is the repetition of usually initial consonants
• Examples- Wild and wooly
• Phonology is the study of sound patterns, their meaning, and how they form speech and words

Phonemes (examples)

• Mat-/m/ /a/ /t/
• Ring- /r/ /i/ /n/ /g/
• Sing- /s/ /i/ /n/ /g/

Allophones

• Allophones are variants of phonemes
• Written with brackets Ex. [p']
• The sound changes based on how the word is spelled
• Examples – Pen, Spin, Stop

Connected Speech

• Connected speech is a continuous flow of sounds forming utterances, important for analyzing sounds and changes in phrases, words, morphemes, syllables, phonemes, or Phones
• Linguistic context involves the relationships between words, phrases in the discussion.
• Situational context involves all non-linguistic elements surrounding the speaker

Word Recognition in Connected Speech

• Words without spaces are hard to read.

Deletion of Sounds

• Sounds can be deleted in connected speech. E.g., "I don't wanna". NOTE: The symbol "" represents a very weak sound

Pragmatics in a Discourse

• Pragmatics examines language understanding in context.
• Two types of context: Linguistic (relationships between words), Situational (non-linguistic context)