RDBMS Based on Codd's Relational Model
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of metadata in a database?

  • To manage the database constraints
  • To change the physical data storage
  • To locate and retrieve data easily (correct)
  • To store the actual data on the disk

What is the benefit of data independence in a DBMS?

  • It makes the database static and unchangeable
  • It allows the database to change over time to satisfy user requirements (correct)
  • It makes the database highly complex and tedious to manage
  • It stores data in a single layer

What type of data independence allows changes to the table format without affecting the data on the disk?

  • Physical data independence
  • Logical data independence (correct)
  • Metadata independence
  • Database schema independence

What is the purpose of physical data independence?

<p>To change the physical data without affecting the logical data or schema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does RDBMS stand for?

<p>Relational Database Management Systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of modern database management systems based on RDBMS?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to modify or update a set of metadata once it is stored in the database?

<p>Because it is tedious and highly complex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of a layered architecture in metadata?

<p>It allows changes to data at one layer without affecting data at another level (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)?

<p>Relational model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Codd's 12 rules?

<p>Relational model of database systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Rule 1, how must data be stored in a database?

<p>In a table format (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is guaranteed by Rule 2 of Codd's rules?

<p>Logical access to data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Rule 3 of Codd's rules?

<p>It provides a systematic treatment of NULL values (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an online catalog in Rule 4?

<p>To provide a data dictionary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the requirement for a database language according to Rule 5?

<p>It must support linear syntax and data definition, data manipulation, and transaction management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of accessing a database without a language having linear syntax?

<p>It is a violation of Rule 5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference in how data values are stored between DBMS and RDBMS?

<p>DBMS stores data in tables with no relationships, while RDBMS stores data in tables with relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of RDBMS?

<p>Supports distributed database (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of DBMS?

<p>To offer more convenience and efficiency to access data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of DBMS?

<p>File system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between DBMS and RDBMS?

<p>RDBMS is an extension of DBMS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of DBMS?

<p>Meant for small organizations and single-user (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DBMS?

<p>To provide a centralized view of data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of RDBMS?

<p>MySQL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Referential integrity in a RDBMS?

<p>To specify that rows cannot be deleted, which are used by other records. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which DBMS is known for being cost-effective and used for E-Commerce websites?

<p>Informix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way in which RDBMS applications store data?

<p>In a tabular form (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Entity integrity in a RDBMS?

<p>To specify that there should be no duplicate rows in a table. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of database management system that PostgreSQL is classified as?

<p>Object-relational DBMS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which DBMS is implemented specifically for mobile devices?

<p>SQLite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between DBMS and RDBMS in terms of data storage?

<p>DBMS stores data as files, while RDBMS stores data in a tabular form. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of User-defined integrity in a RDBMS?

<p>To define business rules that are different from entity, domain or referential integrity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of Amazon RDS?

<p>Easy configuration setup and usage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which DBMS is available in both free and commercial versions?

<p>MongoDB (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is present in RDBMS that is not present in DBMS?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Informix?

<p>It is written in C, C++, and Assembly languages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Domain integrity in a RDBMS?

<p>To enforce valid entries for a given column by restricting the type, format, or range of values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the property that RDBMS defines for data manipulation?

<p>ACID (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of documents that MongoDB can support?

<p>NoSQL and JSON (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operating systems does SQLite support?

<p>Mac, Windows, and Linux (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main issue with classful network design?

<p>It did not foster the efficient allocation of a finite address space (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What replaced the class system of address space in 1993?

<p>Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the scope of a private IP address?

<p>Local to the present network (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who provides a public IP address?

<p>The Internet Service Provider (ISP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used to communicate within a private network?

<p>Private IP address (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a server?

<p>To manage network resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between private and public IP addresses?

<p>Scope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of server allows other computers to access a database and retrieve or upload data from and into it?

<p>Database server (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)?

<p>To allocate and route based on arbitrary-length prefixes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a mail server?

<p>To store and sort emails before they are sent to users upon request (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of server provides an environment with all the necessary requirements to run or develop an application?

<p>Application server (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the issue with assigning sites with several hundred hosts a single /16 address?

<p>It was too wasteful of address space (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do computers consider servers when sharing resources with client machines?

<p>As dedicated servers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a file server?

<p>To provide users with access to files and data stored centrally (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a web server?

<p>To deliver requested web pages to multiple client web browsers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects a server to other network computers?

<p>A switch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an entity in an ER model?

<p>A real-world object with attributes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of mapping cardinalities in ER models?

<p>To determine the number of associations between entities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Relational Model based on?

<p>First-order predicate logic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of normalized relations in the Relational Model?

<p>Values are atomic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a database schema?

<p>A logical view of the entire database (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of each column in a relation?

<p>Contains values from the same domain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of relationships in ER models?

<p>To establish a logical association between entities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of the Relational Model?

<p>It is more scientific than other models (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a database server?

<p>To manage and run a database (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the back-end portion of a database server?

<p>Instance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why large-scale organizations use database servers?

<p>To store and process data on a regular basis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another term used to describe a database server?

<p>Database Management System (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using a database server over a file server?

<p>It is more efficient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the architecture used by a database server to deliver information to client systems?

<p>Client-Server Model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of FileZilla?

<p>To upload and download files between a local system and a server (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a dedicated server that helps to offer database services?

<p>Database Server (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of using FTP servers for data transfer?

<p>It's an inexpensive solution for data transfer and backup (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using USER and PASS commands in FTP connections?

<p>To authenticate and establish a connection to the FTP server (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of anonymous access to FTP servers?

<p>It prohibits uploading files to the FTP server (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of SFTP and FTP/S?

<p>To offer additional levels of security for file transfer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of ports 20 and 21 in FTP connections?

<p>They are required for full back-and-forth transfer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of FTP servers in data backup?

<p>To provide an inexpensive solution for offsite backup of critical data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of using FTP servers when security is a concern?

<p>They do not provide adequate security for sensitive data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of checkpoint restart support in FTP connections?

<p>To resume an interrupted download (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

  • RDBMS is based on the relational model introduced by E.F. Codd.
  • Dr. Edgar F. Codd came up with 12 rules for a database to be considered a true relational database.

Codd's 12 Rules

  • Rule 1: Information Rule - all data stored in a database must be a value of some table cell.
  • Rule 2: Guaranteed Access Rule - every data element is guaranteed to be accessible logically with a combination of table-name, primary-key, and attribute-name.
  • Rule 3: Systematic Treatment of NULL Values - NULL values must be given a systematic and uniform treatment.
  • Rule 4: Active Online Catalog - the structure description of the entire database must be stored in an online catalog, known as a data dictionary.
  • Rule 5: Comprehensive Data Sub-Language Rule - a database can only be accessed using a language with linear syntax that supports data definition, data manipulation, and transaction management operations.

Data Independence

  • Logical data independence: data about the database, storing information about how data is managed inside.
  • Physical data independence: the power to change the physical data without impacting the schema or logical data.

RDBMS Characteristics

  • RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management Systems.
  • Modern database management systems like SQL, MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, ORACLE, My-SQL, and Microsoft Access are based on RDBMS.
  • RDBMS uses a tabular structure of data and supports relationships between data values.
  • RDBMS supports distributed databases and can handle large amounts of data.

DBMS vs RDBMS

  • DBMS is perhaps most useful for providing a centralized view of data that can be accessed by multiple users.
  • RDBMS is an extension of DBMS and provides more convenience and efficiency to access data with high security.
  • RDBMS applications store data in a tabular form, whereas DBMS applications store data as files.
  • RDBMS defines the integrity constraint for the purpose of ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability) property.

Data Integrity

  • There are four categories of data integrity: entity integrity, domain integrity, referential integrity, and user-defined integrity.
  • Entity integrity: no duplicate rows in a table.
  • Domain integrity: enforcing valid entries for a given column by restricting the type, format, or range of values.
  • Referential integrity: specifying that rows cannot be deleted, which are used by other records.
  • User-defined integrity: enforcing specific business rules defined by users.

Examples of RDBMS

  • MySQL
  • PostgreSQL
  • Oracle
  • Microsoft Access
  • Informix
  • SQLite
  • Amazon RDS
  • MongoDB

Classful Addressing Scheme

  • The classful A, B, and C octet boundaries were easy to understand and implement, but did not foster the efficient allocation of a finite address space.
  • Classful network design served its purpose in the startup stage of the Internet, but lacked scalability in the face of the rapid expansion of the network in the 1990s.
  • The class system of the address space was replaced with Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) in 1993.

Private IP Address and Public IP Address

  • Private IP addresses are used within a local network and are invalid and non-routable in the Internet.
  • Public IP addresses are used outside the local network and are provided by the Internet Service Provider (ISP).
  • Private IP addresses are locally unique within a private network, while public IP addresses are globally unique across the Internet.

Servers

  • Servers manage network resources such as hosting websites, transmitting data, sending or receiving emails, and controlling accesses.
  • The purpose of a server is to provide services and features to clients, such as browsing websites, checking emails, and communicating with other users.
  • Types of servers include:
    • Database servers: allow other computers to access a database and retrieve or upload data.
    • File servers: provide users with access to files and data stored centrally.
    • Web servers: deliver requested web pages to multiple client web browsers.
    • Mail servers: store and sort emails before they are sent to users upon request.
    • Application servers: provide an environment with all the necessary requirements to run or develop an application.

FTP Server

  • FTP servers are used for file transfer and can provide connection to users without login credentials, but with limited access.
  • Anonymous access is allowed, but uploading files to FTP servers is prohibited.
  • FTP servers can also provide offsite backup of critical data and are inexpensive solutions for data transfer and backup operations.
  • Secure FTP server options, such as SFTP and FTP/S, offer additional levels of security, including data encryption.

Database Server

  • A database server refers to a combination of hardware and software that runs a database and provides database services.
  • Database server works as a back-end portion for database applications, following the client-server model.
  • It delivers all the information sought by client systems and is used by large-scale organizations that need to process large amounts of data regularly.

Types of Database Servers

  • Database servers are also known as "Database Management System" or "Database Server Software".
  • Types of database servers include relational models, which are based on first-order predicate logic and define a table as an n-ary relation.

ER Model

  • An entity in an ER model is a real-world entity having properties called attributes.
  • Every attribute is defined by its set of values called domain.
  • Relationships among entities are mapped in various ways, including one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many.

Relational Model

  • The relational model is based on first-order predicate logic and defines a table as an n-ary relation.
  • Data is stored in tables called relations.
  • Relations can be normalized.
  • In normalized relations, values saved are atomic values.
  • Each row in a relation contains a unique value.
  • Each column in a relation contains values from the same domain.

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Description

Learn about the Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) and its connection to E.F. Codd's 12 rules, including the Information Rule.

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