Rational Choice Theory

• Individuals make decisions based on cost-benefit analysis, according to rational choice theory
• A rational decision maximizes personal gain or utility
• Gary Becker was among the first to apply “Rational Actor Models” widely
• Rational Choice Theory states that individuals use their self-interest to make choices providing them with the greatest benefit
• The main purpose of Rational Choice Theory is to make choices for the best and greatest interest
• To change a free market using Rational Choice Theory and the Invisible Hand concept: adapt the invisible force that predicts and moves the factors influencing the vitality of choices
• Rational Choice Theory has limited effectiveness in explaining decision-making in diverse cultural settings due to its focus on individual rationality
• David Mitrany developed functionalism in international relations, emphasizing cooperation through issue-specific arrangements rather than grand political alliances
• Stephen Krasner made significant contributions to regime theory and explored the interaction between state sovereignty and international institutions
• Jean Monnet is often referred to as one of the architects of European integration and played a key role in establishing institutions such as the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

Formal vs Informal Institutions

• Formal institutionalism focuses on written rules and structures
• Informal institutionalism emphasizes unwritten norms and practices
• Formal and informal institutions interact, potentially complementing or contradicting each other, which impacts political stability
• Governments, NGOs, and local communities can engage with informal networks to complement formal policies and enhance community participation in sustainable development initiatives
• Integrating formal and informal institutional approaches allows for a more comprehensive and nuanced approach to social challenges
• Formal and informal institutions can collaborate to promote sustainable development by recognizing the strengths of both approaches and leveraging their synergies
• Formal institutional frameworks can be creatively redesigned to address emerging digital privacy protection challenges by creating interdisciplinary task forces involving policymakers, technologists, and legal experts to propose new legislative frameworks

Feminist Theory

• Feminist theory primarily focuses on the social construction of gender
• Intersectionality emphasizes the intersection of gender with other forms of oppression
• Patriarchy is a social system where men hold primary power and dominate roles in political, economic, and social institutions
• Intersectionality recognizes that gender inequality intersects with other forms of oppression, leading to complex and varied experiences of discrimination
• Feminist activism has raised awareness and led to significant legal and social changes, but challenges persist in addressing systemic gender inequalities

Hermeneutical Phenomenology

• Biographical data is commonly used in hermeneutical phenomenology research
• The primary focus is on understanding lived experiences
• Hermeneutical phenomenology approaches data analysis by interpreting and uncovering underlying meanings and themes
• The significance of data involves understanding the lived experiences and meanings of individuals
• Hermeneutical phenomenology focuses on understanding subjective experiences and meanings, while quantitative research relies on statistical measurements and numerical data
• Interpretation uncovers underlying meanings and themes in the data
• In-depth interviews and analyzing narratives are methods to gain insights into the experiences of marginalized communities
• Lived experiences and narratives facilitate understanding the subjective impact of cultural beliefs on mental health stigma

Human-Environment Systems

• The focus is on understanding how humans interact with and shape their environment
• Thematic maps display specific data or themes related to landscapes
• Spatial distributions help in understanding environmental issues by identifying patterns and trends across geographical areas
• Mental maps represent cognitive maps of individual perceptions of places
• Human-environment interactions influence the development of cities and urban areas
• Thematic maps can convey specific data or themes related to landscapes, such as land use patterns or vegetation types
• Spatial analysis identifies patterns and trends across geographical areas, like pollution hotspots or resource distribution

Spatial Analysis

• "Sense of place" is examined through cognitive maps of individual perceptions of places and their emotional attachments
• Spatial analysis techniques analyze traffic patterns to improve urban mobility and reduce congestion
• Spatial analysis techniques analyze land use patterns and changes over time to identify the root causes of environmental degradation in urban areas
• GIS technology enhances data collection, analysis, and visualization for informed decision-making in environmental management

Social Reformers

• Isabelo de los Reyes advocated for labor rights and social justice for workers and played a significant role in the labor movement
• Jose Rizal's main social ideas and contributions included nationalism, education, social reform, and human rights
• Jose Rizal's literary works exposed social injustices under colonial rule and inspired national awakening
• Rizal focused on peaceful reform, while Recto advocated for more radical approaches regarding nationalism and the Philippines' path to independence
• Apolinario Mabini's emphasis on constitutionalism and inclusive governance laid foundations for democratic principles in post-colonial governance

Philippine Culture

• Family bonds are highly valued, emphasizing respect, support, and close-knit relationships
• Filipinos typically avoid conflict, prioritize humility, and show respect for others' feelings to maintain harmony
• "Bayanihan" encourages communal unity, cooperation, and mutual assistance in Philippine communities
• "Hiya" prioritizes humility, avoiding conflict, and saving face in interpersonal interactions
• Offering assistance, sharing knowledge, and showing genuine concern for colleagues' well-being applies the cultural value of hospitality and warmth in a professional setting
• Conduct cultural sensitivity training sessions to incorporate the cultural value of "pakikisama" into a diverse team environment
• "Pakikipagkapwa-tao" is the core value of Sikolohiyang Pilipino that emphasizes interconnectedness and social harmony
• "Hiya" pertains to humility, modesty, and sensitivity to social norms is a cultural value in Sikolohiyang Pilipino
• "Utang na Loob" emphasizes reciprocity, gratitude, and obligation in Sikolohiyang Pilipino
• "Pakikipagkapwa-tao" emphasizes interconnectedness, social harmony, and collective well-being in Filipino interpersonal relationships
• "Hiya" encourages humility, modesty, and sensitivity to social norms in Filipino culture, according to Sikolohiyang Pilipino
• "Utang na Loob" promotes reciprocity, gratitude, and obligation in Filipino society
• "Pakikipagkapwa-tao" contributes to community resilience and mutual support in times of adversity by emphasizing interconnectedness, collective well-being, and cooperation