Untitled Quiz

Likely diagnosis is traveler's diarrhea, caused by ETEC, treated with azithromycin.

Weil's disease involves rodents, typically associated with rats, river water &/or rust. Note associated triad.

Diagnosis involves finding specific signs like Osler nodes, Janeway lesions, or Roth spots.

Tuberculosis involves Ghon's complex (primary focus) plus secondary complications like Ranke and Simon's complexes.

Positive C14 urease test points to Helicobacter infection, treatment involves antibiotics like clarithromycin and metronidazole.

Chancroid, caused by Hemophilus ducreyi, is usually treated with azithromycin.

Possible cause is Leprosy: It's treated with a combination of specific drugs (Rifampicin, Clofazimine, Dapsone).

Organophosphate poisoning can have similar manifestations to a snake bite.

A combination of drugs (Tenofovir, Lamivudine, Dolutegravir) used to treat HIV.

Ribavirin is a treatment option for Chikungunya.

HBsAg+ and HBeAg positive; and IgG Anti HBc+ HBeAg negative, suggest Hepatitis B with low infectivity versus Acute Hepatitis B with low infectivity

An infection transmitted by arthropods (e.g., mosquitoes) where the infection doesn't spread further in the ecosystem; e.g. humans exposed to a specific arbovirus might not infect other animals.

Rubella, Roseola, and Varicella (chickenpox) can cause rashes; Rubeola (measles) also causes rashes but is not included in the given options..

Exposure to fruit bats can lead to a Nipah virus infection. Tasting contaminated palm toddy (a fermented palm sap drink) is a potential risk.

Exposure to arboviruses like Ebola, Yellow fever, or RFV virus is possible when traveling to Africa.

A continuous machinery murmur in a 2-month-old baby can be associated with congenital rubella syndrome or Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), which requires medical attention.

A painful, red bump on the eyelid caused by an infection of the oil glands.

A condition where the pupil reacts to accommodation but not to light. The pupils constrict when focusing on a near object but do not constrict in response to a bright light.

Two muscles that work together to produce a specific eye movement. For example, the left eye superior rectus and the right eye superior rectus are yoke muscles for levoelevation.

A severe infection of the cornea caused by a single-celled organism called Acanthamoeba. It can occur in contact lens wearers, especially if they use contaminated lenses or solution.

Dryness of the eye due to vitamin A deficiency. It can lead to corneal clouding, decreased vision, and even blindness.

An implantable lens placed in the eye to correct refractive errors without removing the natural lens.

A type of eye drop that lowers eye pressure by reducing the production of aqueous humor.

A type of cancer that starts in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. It is more common in children.

A clouding of the lens capsule that develops after successful cataract surgery, decreasing vision.

Tropicamide drops are the preferred cycloplegic for refraction in children with squint, as it provides temporary paralysis of the ciliary muscle.

Sago grain follicles, trichiasis, and papillae development on the tarsal conjunctiva are all features of trachoma. Azithromycin is the drug of choice for this bacterial infection.

Progressive vision loss, night blindness, and difficulty seeing peripherally are characteristic of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Fundoscopic findings will show characteristic changes.

A serious complication of iron foreign bodies in the eye, leading to irreversible vision loss.

A rare complication of eye trauma where the other eye develops inflammation even if it wasn't directly injured.

Disc edema, flame-shaped hemorrhages, and cotton wool spots are signs of Grade 4 hypertensive retinopathy, indicating severe hypertensive crisis.

This investigation measures the curvature of the cornea, crucial for fitting contact lenses and refractive surgery.

The S-T segment on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents the plateau phase of the ventricular action potential, which is the period when the ventricles are fully depolarized and the heart muscle remains contracted before repolarization.

Increased sympathetic nervous activity decreases peristalsis in the digestive tract. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response, which prioritizes other bodily functions over digestion.

Iron is primarily absorbed in the jejunum, the middle part of the small intestine.

Glucose absorption in enterocytes (intestinal cells) is facilitated diffusion via SGLT 1 (Sodium-glucose cotransporter 1). SGLT 1 uses the energy of sodium gradient to move glucose against its concentration gradient.

Salivary amylase breaks down starch into maltose, a smaller sugar molecule.

Carboxypeptidase primarily breaks down proteins into shorter peptides, which are further broken down into amino acids by other enzymes.

The vagus nerve stimulates peristalsis and enzyme secretion in the digestive tract. It is part of the parasympathetic nervous system, which promotes digestion during 'rest and digest' states.

Waldeyer's ring is a collection of lymphatic tissues in the pharynx that helps protect against infection. It includes the palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids), and lingual tonsils. The submandibular glands are not part of Waldeyer's ring.

Nearsightedness, a refractive error where distant objects appear blurry, while near objects are seen clearly. It occurs when the eyeball is too long or the cornea is too curved, causing light to focus in front of the retina.

Age-related loss of near vision, making it difficult to focus on close objects. This is due to the natural stiffening and thickening of the lens, making it less flexible.

Disc edema, also known as papilledema, is swelling of the optic nerve head. It usually indicates increased pressure within the skull (intracranial pressure), which can be caused by various conditions like brain tumors, hydrocephalus, or meningitis.

Inflammation of the front part of the uvea (middle layer of the eye), specifically the iris and ciliary body. Symptoms include severe eye pain, redness, blurry vision, and sensitivity to light.

Acute angle closure glaucoma is a medical emergency characterized by a sudden rise in eye pressure when the iris blocks the flow of fluid. Immediate treatment includes reducing the eye pressure with medications like IV mannitol, and widening the angle with eye drops like pilocarpine.

A characteristic pattern of retinal damage seen in patients taking hydroxychloroquine (a medication used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and lupus). The central macula appears darker than the surrounding retina, resembling a bull's eye.

An autoimmune disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles. It occurs when the antibodies produced by the body's own immune system attack the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Myasthenia Gravis can affect the muscles that control eyelid movement (causing drooping) and eye movement (causing double vision).