78 Questions
What are the three theories explaining the origin of the universe?
Steady State Theory, Pulsating Theory, Big Bang Theory
According to the Bible, how did the universe come into existence?
God created the heavens and the earth
What is the main idea of the Big Bang Theory?
The universe was condensed in a small particle and exploded in a big bang
Name three major theories that explain the origin of the solar system.
Nebular Hypothesis, Accretion Theory, Tidal Theory
What is the geosphere?
The geosphere includes all the rocks, minerals, and ground found on and in Earth.
What is the hydrosphere?
The hydrosphere is all the water, solid or in liquid form, found on Earth.
What is the primary source of Earth's water?
The primary source of Earth's water is the ocean.
What is the depth at which the Continental Shelf begins to slope more sharply downward?
About 200 meters
What is the temperature at a depth of 1,000 meters in the Mesopelagic zone?
Less than 5°C
What is the deepest layer of the ocean called?
Hadal Zone or Trench Zone
What percentage of Earth's water is in the form of glaciers?
About 2 percent
In what spheres of the Earth are rocks and minerals found?
Geosphere
What parts of the Earth make up the hydrosphere?
Seawater and inland water
What part of Earth's spheres is composed of a mixture of gases?
Atmosphere
Why do only a few lives exist below the bathypelagic zone?
All of these (no sunlight penetrates, water is very cold, water pressure is very high)
What are convection currents and where do they arise?
Convection currents are the movement of heat within a fluid or gas. They arise in the asthenosphere.
How are magma chambers formed in the crust?
Magma chambers are formed in the crust under the influence of heat flow or heat carried by rising abyssal magma.
What causes earthquakes?
The accumulation and subsequent discharge of tectonic stresses along active faults causes earthquakes.
What are exogenic processes?
Exogenic processes are geological phenomena and processes that originate externally to the Earth's surface, such as weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition.
What are the factors that can accelerate exogenic processes?
Exogenic processes can be accelerated by human actions and can also have sources outside Earth, such as the influence of the Sun and Moon.
What is weathering?
Weathering is the decomposition and disintegration of rocks and minerals at the Earth's surface.
What are endogenic processes and what are their energy sources?
Endogenic processes include tectonic movements of the crust, magmatism, metamorphism, and seismic activity. The energy sources for endogenic processes are heat and the redistribution of material in the Earth's interior.
What are the three general classes of rocks and how do they form?
The three general classes of rocks are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of melted rock, sedimentary rocks form from the compaction of separate particles or sediments, and metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are subjected to intense heat and pressure.
What is the rock cycle?
The rock cycle is the continual transformation of rocks from one type to another through geologic processes. Rocks can be changed through weathering, heating, melting, cooling, and compaction.
What are minerals and what are the most abundant components of rocks on Earth's surface?
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances with a specific chemical composition and an orderly repeating atomic structure. Silicate minerals are the most abundant components of rocks on Earth's surface.
How are minerals classified and what are some examples of common rock-forming minerals?
Minerals are classified according to their chemical composition. Some examples of common rock-forming minerals include quartz, calcite, garnet, and muscovite.
According to the Bible, the universe was created by ______
God
The Steady State Theory proposes that new galaxies are filling the empty spaces created by ______
heavenly bodies
The Big Bang Theory suggests that the universe was once condensed in a small particle called ______
primeval nucleus
Earth is the only planet in the solar system capable of supporting ______.
life
The Geosphere describes all of the rocks, minerals and ______ that are found on and in Earth.
ground
Planet Earth has been called the 'Blue Planet' due to the abundant ______ on its surface.
water
The oceans cover more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface and contain 97 percent of the Earth's ______.
water
Rivers flow in ______.
channels
Lakes are formed from the accumulation of large amounts of water in natural or artificial ______ on the surface of the land.
depressions
Groundwater is stored in and moves slowly through geologic formations of soil, sand, and rocks called ______.
aquifers
About 2 percent of Earth's waters is in the form of solid, a massive bodies of ice called ______.
glaciers
Convection currents may arise in the asthenosphere and they are hypothesized to be ______.
lithosphere
Gravitational differentiation has led to the stratification of the earth into ______ of varying density.
geospheres
The accumulation and subsequent discharge of tectonic stresses along active faults causes ______.
earthquakes
Detrital rocks are formed by the compaction of separate particles, or sediments, into a ______.
rock
Molten material within the Earth is called ______; it is 'lava' once it has erupted onto the surface.
magma
The rocks of earth's crust are constantly being recycled and changed into new forms through ______ processes.
geologic
Minerals are the fundamental components of ______.
rocks
Organic substances with a definitive chemical formula are classified as _______
minerals
Exogenic processes originate externally to the ________
Earth's surface
Mountains, valleys, and plains seem to change little, if at all, when left to nature, but they do change ___________
continuously
Weathering is the decomposition and disintegration of rocks and minerals at the _________
Earth's surface
In what sphere of the earth are the rocks and minerals found. a. ______ c. Hydrosphere b. Biosphere d. Geosphere
Geosphere
What parts of the earth make up the hydrosphere. a. Glaciers c. seawater and inland water b. ______ d. All of the above
Groundwater
What part of Earth's spheres is composed of a mixture of gases. a. Atmosphere c. Geosphere b. ______ d. Hydrosphere
Biosphere
Why only few lives exist below bathypelagic zone. a. No sunlight penetrates on this zone b. Water is very cold c. Water pressure is very high d. ______
All of these
Detrital rocks are formed by the compaction of separate particles, or sediments, into a ______.
rock
The rocks of earth's crust are constantly being recycled and changed into new forms through ______ processes.
geologic
Minerals are the fundamental components of ______.
rocks
Silicate minerals are the most abundant components of rocks on the Earth's surface, making up over 90% by mass of the Earth's ______.
crust
Water temperature falls rapidly with depth to less than 5°C at 1,000 meters. This sharp transition, which is called the ________, inhibits vertical mixing between denser, colder water at depths and warmer water nearer the surface.
thermocline
The deepest trench on earth is Mariana Trench, also called Marianas Trench, lies in the floor of the western North Pacific ________.
Ocean
Rivers flow in ________.
channels
About 2 percent of Earth's waters is in the form of solid, a massive bodies of ice called ________.
glaciers
According to the ______, the entire universe was once condensed in a very small and compact particle called primeval nucleus.
Big Bang Theory
The ______ Theory proposes that the overall structure of the universe is always the same at any point in time and space.
Steady State
The ______ Theory assumes that there is continuous expansion and contraction in the universe.
Pulsating
Earth is the only planet in the solar system capable of supporting ______.
life
The Geosphere describes all of the rocks, minerals and ______ that are found on and in Earth.
ground
Planet Earth has been called the 'Blue Planet' due to the abundant ______ on its surface.
water
The oceans cover more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface and contain 97 percent of the Earth's ______.
water
Under the influence of the heat flow or under the direct influence of the heat carried by rising abyssal magma , magma chambers form in the crust itself. Reaching the near surface parts, the magma is intruded into them in the form of variously shaped intrusive bodies or is extruded onto the surface , forming volcanoes. Gravitational differentiation has led to the stratification of the earth into geospheres of varying density. Is also manifested in the form of tectonic movements , which, in turn, lead to the tectonic deformation of crustal and upper mantle rocks. The accumulation and subsequent discharge of tectonic stresses along active faults causes ______. It is hypothesized that a combination of these processes leads to the temporal unevenness of the release of heat and light matter toward the surface , which.
earthquakes
Convection currents may arise in the asthenosphere and they are hypothesized to be ______.
lithosphere
Gravitational differentiation has led to the stratification of the earth into ______ of varying density.
geospheres
Exogenic processes include geological phenomena and processes that originate externally to the Earth’s surface. Generally related to the: atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, and therefore to processes of: o weathering, o erosion, o transportation, o deposition, o denudation etc. Exogenic factors and processes could also have sources outside Earth, for instance under the influence of the Sun, Moon, etc. The above mentioned processes constitute essential landform-shaping factors. Their rate and activity very often depends on local conditions, and can also be accelerated by human actions. The combined functions of exogenic and endogenic factors influences the present complicated picture of the Earth’s surface.
Endogenic processes include tectonic movements of the crust, magmatism , metamorphism, and seismic activity. Endogenic processes have been responsible for shaping the earth’s relief and the formation of many of the important mineral resources. The principal energy sources for endogenic processes are: 1. heat 2 the redistribution of material in the earth’s interior according to density - The earth’s deep heat originates chiefly from radiation. - The continuous generation of heat in the earth’s interior results in the flow of heat toward the surface. With the proper combination of materials, temperature, and pressure, chambers and layers of partial melting may occur a t certain depths within the earth. The asthenosphere, the primary source of magma formation, is such a layer in the upper mantle.
Weathering is the decomposition and disintegration of rocks and minerals at the Earth’s surface. Erosion is the removal of weathered rocks and minerals by moving water, wind, glaciers and gravity. The four processes – weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition work together to modify the earth’s surface.
Freezing and thawing
Water expands when it freezes. If water accumulates in a crack and then freezes, its expansion pushes the rock apart and the process is called ______
frost wedging
Water expands when it freezes. If water accumulates in a crack and then freezes, its expansion pushes the rock apart and the process is called frost wedging. In a temperate climate, water may freeze at night and thaw during the day. Ice cements the rock temporarily, but when it melts, the rock fragments may tumble from a steep cliff. Large piles of loose angular rocks, called talus slopes, lie beneath many cliffs. These rocks fell from the cliffs mainly as a result of ______
frost wedging
Continental crust is mostly composed of different types of ______
granites
Rocks of the oceanic crust are referred to as “______” which stands for silicate and magnesium
sima
The mantle lies between Earth’s dense, super heated core and its thin outer layer, the ______
crust
The core is made almost entirely of ______ and nickel
iron
Quiz: Rare Organic Minerals and Exogenic Processes Test your knowledge on rare organic minerals and exogenic processes with this informative quiz. Learn about Whewellite and other naturally occurring substances with a definitive chemical formula that are classified as minerals, despite being organic. Challenge yourself and expand your understanding of these fascinating geological phenomena.
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