60 Questions
What is the basis of self-esteem according to the text?
Buffering social rejection and anxiety
What is the consequence of low self-esteem according to the text?
Risk of internalizing psychological disorders
How does culture impact the basis of self-esteem based on the text?
Interdependent self has more balanced self-evaluations
What does high, but unstable (or fragile) self-esteem lead to according to the text?
Narcissism
What tendency does the text mention in relation to underestimating the speed and strength of the 'psychological immune system'?
Immune neglect
What is the main difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem?
Self-efficacy is the belief in one's own competence, while self-esteem reflects how much a person likes themselves.
What is the false consensus effect?
Overestimating the commonality of one's opinions and undesirable behaviors.
How does defensive pessimism differ from unrealistic optimism?
Defensive pessimism helps people prepare for problems, while unrealistic optimism predisposes one to a positive outlook.
What is the self-serving bias?
The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors.
What does the false uniqueness effect refer to?
Underestimating the commonality of one’s abilities and desirable behaviors.
What is the term for the type of self-esteem that is more personal and less relational?
Independent self
In which type of culture is relational self-esteem more prominent?
Collectivistic culture
Which type of self-esteem is associated with persisting longer on tasks when succeeding?
Individualistic self-esteem
What type of self-esteem leads to upward social comparisons and more balanced self-evaluations?
Interdependent self-esteem
Which term describes beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information?
Self-concept
What is self-affirmation?
Reminding yourself of your values and achievements to maintain a positive self-view
How can self-affirmation help when facing challenges or criticisms?
It reinforces your sense of self-worth and confidence
What can avoid the rationalization trap according to the text?
Public commitment
How does dissonance reduction potentially lead to immoral acts according to the text?
By producing a succession of self-justifications
What is the aim of self-affirmation as stated in the text?
To balance out any negative thoughts and feelings
What is cognitive-attitudinal advocacy, as described in the text?
Actively supporting or promoting a belief or attitude through one's thoughts and actions
In what way does cognitive-attitudinal advocacy differ from self-presentation (impression management)?
Self-presentation focuses on making a favorable impression, while cognitive-attitudinal advocacy involves actively supporting or promoting a belief or attitude
How does making public commitments relate to the concept of cognitive-attitudinal advocacy?
It can cause saying to become believing, contributing to cognitive-attitudinal advocacy
Which scenario best exemplifies cognitive-attitudinal advocacy?
A person actively supports or promotes a particular belief or attitude through their thoughts and actions
Given Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment, which aspect of the study is related to cognitive-attitudinal advocacy?
The impact of occupying social roles and internalizing associated norms over time
What is the potential consequence of public commitment on a person's attitude according to the text?
It can change the attitude in the direction of the public statement
How does self-affirmation help in avoiding the rationalization trap as mentioned in the text?
By reminding oneself of past successes and positive qualities
What is the potential consequence of dissonance reduction according to the text?
It may cause a succession of self-justifications that ultimately result in immoral acts
How does self-affirmation contribute to maintaining a positive self-view as described in the text?
By reminding oneself of values and achievements
What is the potential outcome of reducing dissonance after committing a cruel act, as mentioned in the text?
It can result in a succession of self-justifications that ultimately lead to immoral acts
What is the Implicit Association Test (IAT) primarily used to measure?
Reaction times for associating concepts
What influences an individual's intention to act, as per the Theory of Reasoned Action?
Attitude and norm
Which phenomenon refers to the tendency for people to agree to a smaller request after declining a larger request?
Door-in-the-face technique
What is the main focus of self-presentation, as mentioned in the text?
Impression management
What does the Foot-in-the-door phenomenon entail?
Agreeing to a smaller request after declining a larger request
What are the three components of the Tripartite Model of attitudes?
Emotional, Cognitive, Behavioral
Which measure assesses the strength of associations between concepts by comparing reaction times?
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
How do attitudes become stronger according to the text?
Greater connection to core values & beliefs
Which type of learning is mentioned as a way attitudes are learned through experience?
Observational learning
What is the term for repeated exposure to a novel stimulus leading to positive evaluations of the stimulus?
Mere Exposure Effect
Which theory states that in order to form an attribution about what caused a person’s behavior, we systematically note the pattern between the presence (or absence) of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurs?
Kelley’s Covariation model
What information does distinctiveness provide, as mentioned in the text?
Information about the extent to which one particular actor behaves in the same way to different stimuli
In what situation do individuals exhibit the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE), as per the text?
When visiting a store for the first time
What does consensus information refer to, based on the text?
Information about the extent to which other people behave similarly to the actor towards the same stimulus
As per the text, what do people rely more on than consensus information when making attributions?
Distinctiveness and consistency information
In the context of research methodology, which type of validity compares questions to each other?
Internal consistency validity
What does Cronbach’s alpha measure in the context of research methodology?
Internal consistency
What type of observational method involves examining accumulated documents or archives of a culture?
Archival analysis
Which method is characterized by good external validity and is relatively easy to conduct, but has poor validity?
Naturalistic observation
What is a disadvantage of naturalistic observation as a research technique?
Poor reliability
What is the Insufficient Justification effect?
The reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is 'insufficient'
In the context of cognitive dissonance, what motivates individuals to maintain consistency among their cognitions?
Wanting to appear consistent
What does self-justification primarily involve, as mentioned in the text?
Internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is 'insufficient'
What does selective exposure refer to, as discussed in the text?
The tendency to expose oneself only to information that agrees with one's point of view
What is the primary outcome after individuals experience tension due to having two thoughts that are inconsistent or incompatible, as explained in the text?
They experience a feeling of discomfort caused by the realization that their behavior is inconsistent with their attitudes
What could result from the potential for dissonance reduction to produce a succession of self-justifications?
Stupid or immoral acts
How can one avoid the rationalization trap, as suggested in the text?
Through self-affirmation
What type of self-esteem can lead to upward social comparisons and more balanced self-evaluations?
High, stable self-esteem
What does the text refer to when it mentions the 'rationalization trap'?
The justification of immoral acts
How does self-affirmation contribute to maintaining a positive self-view as described in the text?
By reminding oneself of achievements and values
Test your knowledge on experimental design, random assignment, and the concept of equivalent groups in experiments. Learn about the process and importance of random assignment in controlling for extraneous variables.
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