Random Assignment and Experimental Design

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What is the basis of self-esteem according to the text?

Buffering social rejection and anxiety (correct)

Enhancement of independent self-esteem

Maintenance of relational self-esteem

Balanced self-evaluations

What is the consequence of low self-esteem according to the text?

Aggression and bullying

Risk of internalizing psychological disorders (correct)

Correlation with positive outcomes

Narcissism

How does culture impact the basis of self-esteem based on the text?

Culture enhances independent self-esteem

Interdependent self has more balanced self-evaluations (correct)

Culture causes high, but unstable self-esteem

Culture has no impact on self-esteem

What does high, but unstable (or fragile) self-esteem lead to according to the text?

Narcissism Signup and view all the answers

What tendency does the text mention in relation to underestimating the speed and strength of the 'psychological immune system'?

Immune neglect Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem?

Self-efficacy is the belief in one's own competence, while self-esteem reflects how much a person likes themselves. Signup and view all the answers

What is the false consensus effect?

Overestimating the commonality of one's opinions and undesirable behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

How does defensive pessimism differ from unrealistic optimism?

Defensive pessimism helps people prepare for problems, while unrealistic optimism predisposes one to a positive outlook. Signup and view all the answers

What is the self-serving bias?

The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors. Signup and view all the answers

What does the false uniqueness effect refer to?

Underestimating the commonality of one’s abilities and desirable behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the type of self-esteem that is more personal and less relational?

Independent self Signup and view all the answers

In which type of culture is relational self-esteem more prominent?

Collectivistic culture Signup and view all the answers

Which type of self-esteem is associated with persisting longer on tasks when succeeding?

Individualistic self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

What type of self-esteem leads to upward social comparisons and more balanced self-evaluations?

Interdependent self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information?

Self-concept Signup and view all the answers

What is self-affirmation?

Reminding yourself of your values and achievements to maintain a positive self-view Signup and view all the answers

How can self-affirmation help when facing challenges or criticisms?

It reinforces your sense of self-worth and confidence Signup and view all the answers

What can avoid the rationalization trap according to the text?

Public commitment Signup and view all the answers

How does dissonance reduction potentially lead to immoral acts according to the text?

By producing a succession of self-justifications Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of self-affirmation as stated in the text?

To balance out any negative thoughts and feelings Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive-attitudinal advocacy, as described in the text?

Actively supporting or promoting a belief or attitude through one's thoughts and actions Signup and view all the answers

In what way does cognitive-attitudinal advocacy differ from self-presentation (impression management)?

Self-presentation focuses on making a favorable impression, while cognitive-attitudinal advocacy involves actively supporting or promoting a belief or attitude Signup and view all the answers

How does making public commitments relate to the concept of cognitive-attitudinal advocacy?

It can cause saying to become believing, contributing to cognitive-attitudinal advocacy Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies cognitive-attitudinal advocacy?

A person actively supports or promotes a particular belief or attitude through their thoughts and actions Signup and view all the answers

Given Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment, which aspect of the study is related to cognitive-attitudinal advocacy?

The impact of occupying social roles and internalizing associated norms over time Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of public commitment on a person's attitude according to the text?

It can change the attitude in the direction of the public statement Signup and view all the answers

How does self-affirmation help in avoiding the rationalization trap as mentioned in the text?

By reminding oneself of past successes and positive qualities Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of dissonance reduction according to the text?

It may cause a succession of self-justifications that ultimately result in immoral acts Signup and view all the answers

How does self-affirmation contribute to maintaining a positive self-view as described in the text?

By reminding oneself of values and achievements Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential outcome of reducing dissonance after committing a cruel act, as mentioned in the text?

It can result in a succession of self-justifications that ultimately lead to immoral acts Signup and view all the answers

What is the Implicit Association Test (IAT) primarily used to measure?

Reaction times for associating concepts Signup and view all the answers

What influences an individual's intention to act, as per the Theory of Reasoned Action?

Attitude and norm Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon refers to the tendency for people to agree to a smaller request after declining a larger request?

Door-in-the-face technique Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of self-presentation, as mentioned in the text?

Impression management Signup and view all the answers

What does the Foot-in-the-door phenomenon entail?

Agreeing to a smaller request after declining a larger request Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of the Tripartite Model of attitudes?

Emotional, Cognitive, Behavioral Signup and view all the answers

Which measure assesses the strength of associations between concepts by comparing reaction times?

Implicit Association Test (IAT) Signup and view all the answers

How do attitudes become stronger according to the text?

Greater connection to core values & beliefs Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learning is mentioned as a way attitudes are learned through experience?

Observational learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for repeated exposure to a novel stimulus leading to positive evaluations of the stimulus?

Mere Exposure Effect Signup and view all the answers

Which theory states that in order to form an attribution about what caused a person’s behavior, we systematically note the pattern between the presence (or absence) of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurs?

Kelley’s Covariation model Signup and view all the answers

What information does distinctiveness provide, as mentioned in the text?

Information about the extent to which one particular actor behaves in the same way to different stimuli Signup and view all the answers

In what situation do individuals exhibit the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE), as per the text?

When visiting a store for the first time Signup and view all the answers

What does consensus information refer to, based on the text?

Information about the extent to which other people behave similarly to the actor towards the same stimulus Signup and view all the answers

As per the text, what do people rely more on than consensus information when making attributions?

Distinctiveness and consistency information Signup and view all the answers

In the context of research methodology, which type of validity compares questions to each other?

Internal consistency validity Signup and view all the answers

What does Cronbach’s alpha measure in the context of research methodology?

Internal consistency Signup and view all the answers

What type of observational method involves examining accumulated documents or archives of a culture?

Archival analysis Signup and view all the answers

Which method is characterized by good external validity and is relatively easy to conduct, but has poor validity?

Naturalistic observation Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of naturalistic observation as a research technique?

Poor reliability Signup and view all the answers

What is the Insufficient Justification effect?

The reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is 'insufficient' Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cognitive dissonance, what motivates individuals to maintain consistency among their cognitions?

Wanting to appear consistent Signup and view all the answers

What does self-justification primarily involve, as mentioned in the text?

Internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is 'insufficient' Signup and view all the answers

What does selective exposure refer to, as discussed in the text?

The tendency to expose oneself only to information that agrees with one's point of view Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome after individuals experience tension due to having two thoughts that are inconsistent or incompatible, as explained in the text?

They experience a feeling of discomfort caused by the realization that their behavior is inconsistent with their attitudes Signup and view all the answers

What could result from the potential for dissonance reduction to produce a succession of self-justifications?

Stupid or immoral acts Signup and view all the answers

How can one avoid the rationalization trap, as suggested in the text?

Through self-affirmation Signup and view all the answers

What type of self-esteem can lead to upward social comparisons and more balanced self-evaluations?

High, stable self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

What does the text refer to when it mentions the 'rationalization trap'?

The justification of immoral acts Signup and view all the answers

How does self-affirmation contribute to maintaining a positive self-view as described in the text?

By reminding oneself of achievements and values Signup and view all the answers

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Questions and Answers

What is the basis of self-esteem according to the text?

What is the consequence of low self-esteem according to the text?

How does culture impact the basis of self-esteem based on the text?

What does high, but unstable (or fragile) self-esteem lead to according to the text?

What tendency does the text mention in relation to underestimating the speed and strength of the 'psychological immune system'?

What is the main difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem?

What is the false consensus effect?

How does defensive pessimism differ from unrealistic optimism?

What is the self-serving bias?

What does the false uniqueness effect refer to?

What is the term for the type of self-esteem that is more personal and less relational?

In which type of culture is relational self-esteem more prominent?

Which type of self-esteem is associated with persisting longer on tasks when succeeding?

What type of self-esteem leads to upward social comparisons and more balanced self-evaluations?

Which term describes beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information?

What is self-affirmation?

How can self-affirmation help when facing challenges or criticisms?

What can avoid the rationalization trap according to the text?

How does dissonance reduction potentially lead to immoral acts according to the text?

What is the aim of self-affirmation as stated in the text?

What is cognitive-attitudinal advocacy, as described in the text?

In what way does cognitive-attitudinal advocacy differ from self-presentation (impression management)?

How does making public commitments relate to the concept of cognitive-attitudinal advocacy?

Which scenario best exemplifies cognitive-attitudinal advocacy?

Given Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment, which aspect of the study is related to cognitive-attitudinal advocacy?

What is the potential consequence of public commitment on a person's attitude according to the text?

How does self-affirmation help in avoiding the rationalization trap as mentioned in the text?

What is the potential consequence of dissonance reduction according to the text?

How does self-affirmation contribute to maintaining a positive self-view as described in the text?

What is the potential outcome of reducing dissonance after committing a cruel act, as mentioned in the text?

What is the Implicit Association Test (IAT) primarily used to measure?

What influences an individual's intention to act, as per the Theory of Reasoned Action?

Which phenomenon refers to the tendency for people to agree to a smaller request after declining a larger request?

What is the main focus of self-presentation, as mentioned in the text?

What does the Foot-in-the-door phenomenon entail?

What are the three components of the Tripartite Model of attitudes?

Which measure assesses the strength of associations between concepts by comparing reaction times?

How do attitudes become stronger according to the text?

Which type of learning is mentioned as a way attitudes are learned through experience?

What is the term for repeated exposure to a novel stimulus leading to positive evaluations of the stimulus?

Which theory states that in order to form an attribution about what caused a person’s behavior, we systematically note the pattern between the presence (or absence) of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurs?

What information does distinctiveness provide, as mentioned in the text?

In what situation do individuals exhibit the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE), as per the text?

What does consensus information refer to, based on the text?

As per the text, what do people rely more on than consensus information when making attributions?

In the context of research methodology, which type of validity compares questions to each other?

What does Cronbach’s alpha measure in the context of research methodology?

What type of observational method involves examining accumulated documents or archives of a culture?

Which method is characterized by good external validity and is relatively easy to conduct, but has poor validity?

What is a disadvantage of naturalistic observation as a research technique?

What is the Insufficient Justification effect?

In the context of cognitive dissonance, what motivates individuals to maintain consistency among their cognitions?

What does self-justification primarily involve, as mentioned in the text?

What does selective exposure refer to, as discussed in the text?

What is the primary outcome after individuals experience tension due to having two thoughts that are inconsistent or incompatible, as explained in the text?

What could result from the potential for dissonance reduction to produce a succession of self-justifications?

How can one avoid the rationalization trap, as suggested in the text?

What type of self-esteem can lead to upward social comparisons and more balanced self-evaluations?

What does the text refer to when it mentions the 'rationalization trap'?

How does self-affirmation contribute to maintaining a positive self-view as described in the text?

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