Random Assignment and Experimental Design

What is the basis of self-esteem according to the text?

What is the consequence of low self-esteem according to the text?

How does culture impact the basis of self-esteem based on the text?

What does high, but unstable (or fragile) self-esteem lead to according to the text?

What tendency does the text mention in relation to underestimating the speed and strength of the 'psychological immune system'?

What is the main difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem?

What is the false consensus effect?

How does defensive pessimism differ from unrealistic optimism?

What is the self-serving bias?

What does the false uniqueness effect refer to?

What is the term for the type of self-esteem that is more personal and less relational?

In which type of culture is relational self-esteem more prominent?

Which type of self-esteem is associated with persisting longer on tasks when succeeding?

What type of self-esteem leads to upward social comparisons and more balanced self-evaluations?

Which term describes beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information?

What is self-affirmation?

How can self-affirmation help when facing challenges or criticisms?

What can avoid the rationalization trap according to the text?

How does dissonance reduction potentially lead to immoral acts according to the text?

What is the aim of self-affirmation as stated in the text?

What is cognitive-attitudinal advocacy, as described in the text?

In what way does cognitive-attitudinal advocacy differ from self-presentation (impression management)?

How does making public commitments relate to the concept of cognitive-attitudinal advocacy?

Which scenario best exemplifies cognitive-attitudinal advocacy?

Given Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment, which aspect of the study is related to cognitive-attitudinal advocacy?

What is the potential consequence of public commitment on a person's attitude according to the text?

How does self-affirmation help in avoiding the rationalization trap as mentioned in the text?

What is the potential consequence of dissonance reduction according to the text?

How does self-affirmation contribute to maintaining a positive self-view as described in the text?

What is the potential outcome of reducing dissonance after committing a cruel act, as mentioned in the text?

What is the Implicit Association Test (IAT) primarily used to measure?

What influences an individual's intention to act, as per the Theory of Reasoned Action?

Which phenomenon refers to the tendency for people to agree to a smaller request after declining a larger request?

What is the main focus of self-presentation, as mentioned in the text?

What does the Foot-in-the-door phenomenon entail?

What are the three components of the Tripartite Model of attitudes?

Which measure assesses the strength of associations between concepts by comparing reaction times?

How do attitudes become stronger according to the text?

Which type of learning is mentioned as a way attitudes are learned through experience?

What is the term for repeated exposure to a novel stimulus leading to positive evaluations of the stimulus?

Which theory states that in order to form an attribution about what caused a person’s behavior, we systematically note the pattern between the presence (or absence) of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurs?

What information does distinctiveness provide, as mentioned in the text?

In what situation do individuals exhibit the Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE), as per the text?

What does consensus information refer to, based on the text?

As per the text, what do people rely more on than consensus information when making attributions?

In the context of research methodology, which type of validity compares questions to each other?

What does Cronbach’s alpha measure in the context of research methodology?

What type of observational method involves examining accumulated documents or archives of a culture?

Which method is characterized by good external validity and is relatively easy to conduct, but has poor validity?

What is a disadvantage of naturalistic observation as a research technique?

What is the Insufficient Justification effect?

In the context of cognitive dissonance, what motivates individuals to maintain consistency among their cognitions?

What does self-justification primarily involve, as mentioned in the text?

What does selective exposure refer to, as discussed in the text?

What is the primary outcome after individuals experience tension due to having two thoughts that are inconsistent or incompatible, as explained in the text?

What could result from the potential for dissonance reduction to produce a succession of self-justifications?

How can one avoid the rationalization trap, as suggested in the text?

What type of self-esteem can lead to upward social comparisons and more balanced self-evaluations?

What does the text refer to when it mentions the 'rationalization trap'?

How does self-affirmation contribute to maintaining a positive self-view as described in the text?