memory
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Questions and Answers

What is the basic architectural structure of a memory in terms of how data is accessed?

  • Random Access Memory
  • Memory Addressing
  • Memory Organization (correct)
  • Memory Data

    • What does RAM stand for in the context of computer memory?

  • Randomly Accessed Module
  • Random Access Memory (correct)
  • Read-Only Memory
  • RAM is not an abbreviation

    • What is the typical data size for a byte?

  • A collection of storage cells together with necessary circuits
  • A vector of bits that identifies a particular memory element
  • A unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits (correct)
  • A single binary digit

    • What does a memory address represent?

    <p>A vector of bits that identifies a particular memory element (or collection of elements)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Static RAM (SRAM) and Dynamic RAM (DRAM)?

    <p>SRAM stores information in flip-flops, while DRAM stores information as electrical charges on capacitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is Read Only Memory (ROM)?

    <p>Nonvolatile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Cache memory?

    <p>To store frequently executed instructions closer to the CPU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) and DDR-SDRAM?

    <p>SDRAM synchronizes access with a clock, while DDR-SDRAM sends data twice per clock cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does temporal locality refer to in the context of memory access?

    <p>Recently referenced memory will be referenced again soon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cache read operation, what happens if a hit occurs?

    <p>The word is delivered to the processor from the cache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two systems for storing bytes representing numbers in memory words?

    <p>Little-endian and big-endian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory loses its content when power is turned off?

    <p>RAM (Random Access Memory)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RAM requires refreshing to prevent data loss?

    <p>DRAM (Dynamic RAM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does spatial locality refer to in the context of memory access?

    <p>Memory words close to recently referenced words will be referenced soon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ROM contains unchangeable data and is used in various applications including storing the operating system program?

    <p>PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bytes of storage does a number like 753 require?

    <p>2 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the word size typically in multiples of?

    <p>8 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is memory organized?

    <p>As an indexed array of words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interpretation of total memory size being 96 bits?

    <p>$12$ memory words each of size $8$ bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three sets of pins in a memory chip?

    <p>Address pins, data pins, and operation pins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the number of address pins, data pins, and the memory total size be calculated?

    <p>$\text{Address pins} * \text{Data pins} = \text{Memory total size}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average access time in a computer with a cache hit rate of 85%, where the cache access time is 12ns and the memory access time is 150ns?

    <p>26.5ns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a computer system, what is the typical size of Level 2 cache (L2 Cache)?

    <p>512 Kbytes to 1 Mbytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Uniform cache and Split cache?

    <p>Uniform cache stores both instruction and data, while split cache internally divides into two caches for instructions and data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hit ratio if the CPU accesses the same memory location 15 times within a very short period of time with a hit rate of 80%?

    <p>0.87</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the improvement in performance if the time to access main memory without cache is 1200ns and time to access with cache is 150ns?

    <p>7.33</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical size of Level 3 cache (L3 Cache) in a computer system?

    <p>1 Gbyte to 4 Gbytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hit ratio measure in a computer system with a cache?

    <p>The fraction of all memory accesses found in the cache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean access time for a system with a hit ratio of $0.95$, where the cache access time is $5ns$ and main memory access time is $100ns$?

    <p>$10.25ns$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a computer system, where does Level 1 cache (L1 Cache) usually exist?

    <p>Inside the CPU chip itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using multilevel caches in a processor?

    <p>To make processor appear as a single memory unit but much faster than it really is</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a computer system, what are typical access times for DRAM and SRAM chips?

    <p>Measured in nanoseconds for DRAM and in picoseconds for SRAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Memory Address is a collection of bits that identifies a particular memory element.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A byte consists of 8 bits and has a limited range of 256 values.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Random Access Memory (RAM) is organized such that data can be transferred to or from any cell in a time that is dependent upon the particular cell selected.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a value is beyond the range of a byte (8 bits), it has to be stored in multiple bytes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cache memory stores data closer to the CPU based on the principle of spatial locality of reference

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Little-endian stores bytes representing numbers starting from the leftmost byte

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DRAM requires refreshing to prevent data loss

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SRAM has a single flip-flop for storage

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SDRAM sends data twice per clock cycle

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cache read operation involves checking if the word is in the cache, with a miss leading to delivery to the processor

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ROM is volatile and loses its content when power is turned off

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Big-endian and little-endian are storage systems used in different processors

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RAM stands for Random Access Memory in the context of computer memory

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cache write policies include Write Through and Write Back policies, each with its advantages and disadvantages

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temporal locality means recently referenced memory will be referenced again soon

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flash Memory is an example of ROM

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temporal and Spatial locality are two different aspects of memory access that describe the patterns of data access within a computer system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hit ratio is the fraction of all memory accesses that are found in the cache, calculated as $h=\frac{\text{number of hits}}{\text{total memory accesses}}$.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mean access time for a system with cache is given by the equation $\text{Mean access time} = c + (1 - h) \times m$, where $c$ is the cache access time, $m$ is the main memory access time, and $h$ is the hit ratio.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uniform cache and Split cache are the two main cache types, with Split cache allowing parallel processing of instructions and used with the pipelined processor.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a computer with a cache hit rate of 90%, where the cache access time is 10ns and the memory access time is 100ns, the average access time is 20ns.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The improvement in performance when using cache can be calculated using the equation $\text{Performance Improvement} = \frac{\text{Time without cache}}{\text{Time with cache}}$.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hit ratio measures the percentage of memory accesses that are found in the cache.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cache hit ratio is calculated as $h=\frac{\text{number of hits}}{\text{total memory accesses}}$.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uniform cache stores both instruction and data, while Split cache is internally divided into two caches, one for instructions (I-cache) and the other for data (D-cache).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a computer with a cache hit rate of 85%, where the cache access time is 12ns and the memory access time is 150ns, the average access time is 27ns.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spatial locality refers to the tendency of a computer system to access data at addresses near the ones it has recently accessed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mean access time for a system with a hit ratio of $0.95$, where the cache access time is $5ns$ and main memory access time is $100ns$, is $9.75ns$.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: A number such as 753 requires at least two bytes of storage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Word size is always a multiple of 8, such as 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Memory is built from millions of storage cells organized as an indexed array of words, with each word assigned a location number called the word address.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Memory size can be interpreted in different ways, such as the total memory size being 96 bits, which can be 96 memory words each of size one bit.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Memory operations typically involve read and write operations, and require data, address, and operation control.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: A memory chip has three sets of pins: address pins, data pins, and control pins for memory operations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The number of address pins, data pins, and the memory total size can be calculated based on the number of words and the size of each word in bits.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: For a memory with 3 address bits and 8 data bits, there are 8 words and each word is of size 8 bits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: For a memory chip of size 512K x 8, there are 512 KB = 2^9 * 2^10 = 2^19 bits, with 3 control pins, and the size of MDR is 8 and the size of MAR is 19.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: In a 2K x 10 Memory, there are 11 address pins, 10 data pins, and the memory total size is 20480 bits, with MDR size of 10 bits and MAR size of 11 bits.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The memory is connected to the processor by address, data, and control lines, with the address lines connected to the MAR and the data lines connected to the MDR.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Read and write operations involve the CPU placing the address of the memory word to be retrieved or written into the MAR register, setting the read or write control, and the memory responding accordingly.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of Random Access Memory (RAM) and its organization in terms of data access.

    <p>Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of memory organized such that data can be transferred to or from any cell (or collection of cells) in a time that is not dependent upon the particular cell selected. Its organization refers to the basic architectural structure of a memory in terms of how data is accessed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the term 'Memory Address' and its significance in computer memory systems.

    <p>A memory address is a vector of bits that identifies a particular memory element (or collection of elements). It is significant in computer memory systems as it helps in locating and accessing specific memory elements for data transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical data sizes for a bit and a byte in computer memory?

    <p>The typical data sizes are: a single binary digit for a bit, and a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits for a byte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the significance of byte size limitation and the need for storing values beyond this range in multiple bytes.

    <p>A byte (of 8 bits) has a limited range of 256 values. When a value is beyond this range, it has to be stored in multiple bytes to accommodate the larger range of values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a computer with a cache hit rate of 90% where the cache access time is 10ns and the memory access time is 100ns, what is the average access time?

    <p>Average access time = 10 + (1-0.9) * 100 = 10 + 0.1 * 100 = 20 ns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Find the improvement in performance where time to access main memory without cache is 1150 ns and time to access with cache is 150 ns.

    <p>Performance Improvement = Time without cache / Time with cache = 1150 / 150 = 7.66</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean access time for a system with a hit ratio of $0.95$, where the cache access time is $5ns$ and main memory access time is $100ns$?

    <p>Mean access time = 5 + (1 - 0.95) * 100 = 5 + 0.05 * 100 = 9.75 ns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the difference between uniform and split caches.

    <p>Uniform cache stores both instruction and data, and does not allow fetching instruction and data to happen at the same time. Split cache is internally divided into two caches: one stores only instructions (I-cache) and the other stores only data (D-cache), allowing parallel processing of instructions and used with the pipelined processor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hit ratio and what is miss ratio?

    <p>Hit ratio is the fraction of all memory accesses that are found in the cache, calculated as $h = \frac{\text{number of hits}}{\text{total memory accesses}}$. Miss ratio is calculated as $1-h$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three typical cache levels in a computer system and their characteristics?

    <p>Level 1 cache (L1 Cache) is located inside the CPU chip, usually split cache with a typical size of 16 Kbytes to 64 Kbytes. Level 2 cache (L2 Cache) is connected to the CPU by a very high-speed bus, slower than L1 cache but much larger in size, usually uniform with a typical size of 512 Kbytes to 1 Mbytes. Level 3 cache (L3 Cache) is originally located on the motherboard, faster than the main RAM memory, usually uniform with a typical size of a few megabytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the word mean access time for a system with cache, given the cache access time $c$, main memory access time $m$, and hit ratio $h$?

    <p>Word mean access time = c + (1 - h) * m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Show the difference between Temporal and Spatial locality with examples.

    <p>Temporal locality refers to the tendency of a computer system to access the same memory locations repeatedly within a short period of time. Spatial locality refers to the tendency of a computer system to access data at addresses near the ones it has recently accessed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using multilevel caches in a processor?

    <p>The purpose of using multilevel caches in a processor is to provide faster access to frequently used data and instructions, reducing the average access time and improving overall system performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the improvement in performance that results from using the cache, and how is it calculated?

    <p>The improvement in performance is calculated using the equation $\text{Performance Improvement} = \frac{\text{Time without cache}}{\text{Time with cache}}$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main improvement achieved by using split cache over uniform cache?

    <p>The main improvement achieved by using split cache over uniform cache is the ability to allow parallel processing of instructions and data fetching, which is essential for pipelined processors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical access times for DRAM and SRAM chips in a computer system?

    <p>Dynamic RAM (DRAM) chips for personal computers have access times of 50 to 150 nanoseconds, where 1 ns = $10^{-9}$ second. Static RAM (SRAM) has access times as low as 10 nanoseconds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of RAM and how do they store information?

    <p>The two types of RAM are Static RAM (SRAM) and Dynamic RAM (DRAM). SRAM stores information in flip-flops, while DRAM stores information as electrical charges on capacitors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) and DDR-SDRAM?

    <p>SDRAM synchronizes access with a clock, while DDR-SDRAM sends data twice per clock cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of little-endian and big-endian systems for storing bytes representing numbers in memory words.

    <p>Little-endian stores bytes representing numbers starting from the rightmost byte, while big-endian starts from the leftmost byte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cache memory and on what principle is it based?

    <p>Cache memory is a small, fast memory that stores frequently executed instructions closer to the CPU, based on the principle of locality of reference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of locality of reference, and what do they describe?

    <p>The two types of locality of reference are temporal locality and spatial locality. Temporal locality means recently referenced memory will be referenced again soon, while spatial locality means memory words close to recently referenced words will be referenced soon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of ROM and how are they used?

    <p>The two types of ROM are PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and Flash Memory. ROM contains unchangeable data and is nonvolatile, used in various applications including storing the operating system program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the cache read operation and the possible outcomes.

    <p>Cache read operation involves checking if the word is in the cache, with a hit resulting in delivery to the processor, and a miss leading to loading from main memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two cache write policies, and what are their advantages and disadvantages?

    <p>The two cache write policies are Write Through and Write Back policies. Each has its advantages and disadvantages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Read Only Memory (ROM) and why is it considered nonvolatile?

    <p>ROM contains unchangeable data and is nonvolatile, used in various applications including storing the operating system program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main differences between Little-endian and big-endian storage systems?

    <p>Little-endian stores bytes representing numbers starting from the rightmost byte, while big-endian starts from the leftmost byte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the purpose of Little-endian and big-endian storage systems and where they are used.

    <p>Little-endian and big-endian are two systems for storing bytes representing numbers in memory words, used in different processors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Random Access Memory (RAM) and how is it organized?

    <p>RAM allows direct access to memory words by specifying their addresses with the same access time regardless of location. It is organized such that data can be transferred to or from any cell in a time that is dependent upon the particular cell selected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bytes of storage does a number like 753 require?

    <p>At least two bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical word sizes for processors?

    <p>Word size is processor dependent and is normally in multiples of 8, such as 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is memory organized?

    <p>Memory is built from millions of storage cells organized as an indexed array of words, with each word assigned a location number called the word address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three sets of pins in a memory chip?

    <p>Address pins, data pins, and control pins for memory operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate memory size based on different interpretations?

    <p>Memory size can be interpreted as the total memory size being 96 bits, which can be 96 memory words each of size one bit, or 12 memory words each of size 8 bits, and so on.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components required for memory operations?

    <p>Memory operations require data, address, and operation control, typically involving read and write operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the memory size for a 2K x 10 Memory, and the sizes of MDR and MAR?

    <p>The memory total size is 20480 bits, with MDR size of 10 bits and MAR size of 11 bits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the memory connected to the processor?

    <p>The memory is connected to the processor by address, data, and control lines, with the address lines connected to the MAR and the data lines connected to the MDR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the memory total size and pin configuration be calculated for a 512K x 8 memory chip?

    <p>For a memory chip of size 512K x 8, there are 512 KB = 2^9 * 2^10 = 2^19 bits, with 3 control pins, and the size of MDR is 8 and the size of MAR is 19.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical organization for Random Access Memory (RAM)?

    <p>Random Access Memory (RAM) is organized such that data can be transferred to or from any cell in a time that is dependent upon the particular cell selected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of address bits, data bits, and the memory word size in a memory with 3 address bits and 8 data bits?

    <p>For a memory with 3 address bits and 8 data bits, there are 8 words and each word is of size 8 bits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical components of a memory chip of size 512K x 8?

    <p>For a memory chip of size 512K x 8, there are 512 KB = 2^9 * 2^10 = 2^19 bits, with 3 control pins, and the size of MDR is 8 and the size of MAR is 19.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Memory Address is a vector of ______ that identifies a particular memory element

    <p>bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A byte consists of ______ bits of digital information

    <p>eight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a value is beyond the range of a byte, it has to be stored in multiple ______

    <p>bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Random Access Memory (RAM) is organized such that data can be transferred to or from any cell in a time that is not dependent upon the particular ______ selected

    <p>cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SRAM has a single flip-flop for storage, while DRAM has a single transistor built from ______ transistors

    <p>six</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Little-endian stores bytes representing numbers starting from the ______ byte, while big-endian starts from the ______ byte

    <p>rightmost, leftmost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cache read operation involves checking if the word is in the cache, with a hit resulting in delivery to the processor, and a miss leading to loading from ______ memory

    <p>main</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Two types of RAM: Static RAM (SRAM) stores information in flip-flops, Dynamic RAM (DRAM) stores information as electrical charges on ______

    <p>capacitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cache memory is a small, fast memory that stores frequently executed instructions closer to the ______

    <p>CPU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Volatile nature of RAM means it loses its content when ______ is turned off

    <p>power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are different types of ROM including PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, and ______ Memory

    <p>Flash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cache write policies include Write Through and ______ policies, each with its advantages and disadvantages

    <p>Write Back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Little-endian and big-endian are two systems for storing bytes representing numbers in memory words, used in different ______

    <p>processors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) synchronizes access with a clock, while ______-SDRAM sends data twice per clock cycle

    <p>DDR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Read Only Memory (ROM) contains unchangeable data and is ______, used in various applications including storing the operating system program

    <p>nonvolatile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temporal locality means recently referenced memory will be referenced again soon, while spatial locality means memory words close to recently referenced words will be referenced ______

    <p>soon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Memory size can be interpreted in different ways, such as the total memory size being 96 bits, which can be 96 memory words each of size one bit, or 12 memory words each of size ______, and so on.

    <p>eight bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a memory chip of size 512K x 8, there are 512 KB = 29 * 210 = 219 bits, with 3 control pins, and the size of MDR is 8 and the size of MAR is ______.

    <p>19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a 2K x 10 Memory, there are 11 address pins, 10 data pins, and the memory total size is 20480 bits, with MDR size of 10 bits and MAR size of ______ bits.

    <p>11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The memory is connected to the processor by address, data, and control lines, with the address lines connected to the MAR and the data lines connected to the ______.

    <p>MDR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cache read operation involves checking if the word is in the cache, with a miss leading to delivery to the ______.

    <p>processor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a computer with a cache hit rate of 85%, where the cache access time is 12ns and the memory access time is 150ns, the average access time is ______.

    <p>27ns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: A number such as 753 requires at least ______ bytes of storage.

    <p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The improvement in performance when using cache can be calculated using the equation $\text{Performance Improvement} = rac{\text{Time without cache}}{\text{Time with cache}}$.

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the word size typically in multiples of?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three sets of pins in a memory chip?

    <p>address pins, data pins, and control pins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a value is beyond the range of a byte (8 bits), it has to be stored in multiple ______.

    <p>bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Memory operations require data, address, and operation control, typically involving ______ and write operations.

    <p>read</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Show the difference between Temporal and Spatial locality with example

    <p>Temporal locality refers to the tendency of a computer system to access the same set of data or instructions multiple times within a short time period, while spatial locality refers to the tendency of a computer system to access data at addresses near the ones it has recently accessed. An example of temporal locality is a loop that iterates over an array, while an example of spatial locality is accessing elements of an array that are stored close to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the difference between uniform and split caches

    <p>Uniform cache stores both instruction and data, while Split cache is internally divided into two caches, one for instructions (I-cache) and the other for data (D-cache).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hit ratio, what is miss ratio

    <p>The hit ratio is the fraction of all memory accesses that are found in the cache and is calculated as follows: If the number of times the CPU accesses the same memory location to Read or Write within a very short period of time is K, then the hit ratio h is given by: $h = \frac{K-1}{K}$. The miss ratio is calculated as $1-h$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Draw and explain the five level Memory Hierarchy

    <p>The five levels of memory hierarchy include Registers, L1 Cache, L2 Cache, Main Memory (RAM), and Secondary Storage (Hard Disk). Registers are the fastest but smallest in size, followed by L1 Cache, L2 Cache, Main Memory, and Secondary Storage. Each level is larger but slower than the previous one, with the goal of providing fast access to the most frequently used data and instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The improvement in performance that results from using the cache can be obtained by

    <p>The improvement in performance that results from using the cache can be obtained by: $Performance Improvement = \frac{Time without cache}{Time with cache}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Cache memory

    <p>The purpose of cache memory is to provide fast access to frequently used instructions and data, thereby reducing the average time it takes to access memory and improving overall system performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cache memory and on what principle is it based

    <p>The purpose of cache memory is to reduce the average time it takes to access memory by storing frequently used instructions and data closer to the CPU. It is based on the principle of exploiting the principle of locality, which states that programs tend to access a relatively small portion of their address space at any given time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the cache read operation and the possible outcomes

    <p>Cache read operation involves checking if the word is in the cache. If the word is found in the cache, it results in a cache hit, and the word is delivered to the processor. If the word is not found in the cache, it results in a cache miss, and the word needs to be fetched from the main memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of ROM and how are they used

    <p>The two types of ROM are PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory) and EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory). PROM is programmed during manufacturing and cannot be modified, while EPROM can be erased and reprogrammed using ultraviolet (UV) light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Read Only Memory (ROM) and why is it considered nonvolatile

    <p>The purpose of Read Only Memory (ROM) is to store firmware and essential system instructions that do not change over time. It is considered nonvolatile because its contents are retained even when the power is turned off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using multilevel caches in a processor

    <p>The main purpose of using multilevel caches in a processor is to provide a hierarchy of fast, small-sized caches closer to the CPU, which can store frequently accessed data and instructions. This helps in reducing the average memory access time and improving the overall performance of the processor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interpretation of total memory size being 96 bits

    <p>The interpretation of total memory size being 96 bits means that each memory location or word in the system is represented using 96 bits, which includes the addressable bits and the data bits. This indicates the total capacity and addressability of the memory system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following memory definitions with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Memory = A collection of storage cells together with the necessary circuits to transfer information to and from them. Memory Organization = The basic architectural structure of a memory in terms of how data is accessed. Random Access Memory (RAM) = A memory organized such that data can be transferred to or from any cell (or collection of cells) in a time that is not dependent upon the particular cell selected. Memory Address = A vector of bits that identifies a particular memory element (or collection of elements).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following memory data sizes with their corresponding definitions:

    <p>Bit = A single binary digit. Byte = A unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits. Byte (of 8 bits) = A unit of digital information that has a limited range of 256 values. Multiple Bytes = Used to store values beyond the range of a single byte.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following memory types with their descriptions:

    <p>RAM = Stores programs &amp; data, with a memory organization allowing transfer to or from any cell in constant time. ROM = Non-volatile memory used to store firmware for booting up the computer system. Cache = High-speed memory used to temporarily store frequently accessed data for quicker access by the CPU. Flash Memory = Non-volatile memory commonly used in storage devices such as USB drives and SSDs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following memory access terms with their meanings:

    <p>Spatial Locality = The phenomenon where accessing a particular memory location makes it likely that nearby memory locations will also be accessed soon. Temporal Locality = The phenomenon where recently accessed memory locations are likely to be accessed again soon. Memory Data Read Operation = Involves transferring data from a specified memory location to the CPU for processing. Memory Data Write Operation = Involves transferring data from the CPU to a specified memory location for storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of RAM with their descriptions:

    <p>Static RAM (SRAM) = Stores information in flip-flops Dynamic RAM (DRAM) = Stores information as electrical charges on capacitors Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) = Synchronizes access with a clock DDR-SDRAM = Sends data twice per clock cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following memory concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Volatile memory = Loses its content when power is turned off Read Only Memory (ROM) = Contains unchangeable data and is nonvolatile Cache memory = Small, fast memory that stores frequently executed instructions closer to the CPU Little-endian = Stores bytes representing numbers starting from the rightmost byte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following memory operations with their outcomes:

    <p>Temporal locality = Means recently referenced memory will be referenced again soon Spatial locality = Means memory words close to recently referenced words will be referenced soon Cache read operation with a hit = Results in delivery to the processor Cache read operation with a miss = Leads to loading from main memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of ROM with their descriptions:

    <p>PROM = Programmable Read Only Memory, once programmed, cannot be changed EPROM = Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, can be erased and reprogrammed multiple times EEPROM = Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory, can be erased and reprogrammed electrically Flash Memory = Can be electrically erased and reprogrammed in blocks; used in USB drives, memory cards, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cache types with their characteristics:

    <p>Uniform Cache = Will not allow fetching instruction and data to happen at the same time. Split Cache = Allows parallel processing of instructions and used with the pipelined processor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cache levels with their typical sizes:

    <p>Level 1 cache (L1 Cache) = Located inside the CPU chip itself. Level 2 cache (L2 Cache) = Typical size is 512 Kbytes to 1 Mbytes. Level 3 cache (L3 Cache) = Typical size is few megabytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following memory types with their access times:

    <p>Dynamic RAM (DRAM) = Typically used for personal computers. Static RAM (SRAM) = Has faster access times compared to DRAM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their meanings:

    <p>Hit ratio = Fraction of all memory accesses found in the cache. Miss ratio = Fraction of memory accesses not found in the cache. Mean access time = Time a program or device takes to locate a single piece of information and make it available to the computer for processing. Performance Improvement = Calculated using the equation $Performance Improvement = \frac{Time without cache}{Time with cache}$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their typical sizes:

    <p>Main memory = Typical size is few megabytes. Cache Memory = Typical size is 16 Kbytes to 64 Kbytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Temporal locality = Refers to accessing the same memory location multiple times within a short period of time. Spatial locality = Refers to accessing nearby memory locations around a recently accessed location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following memory components with their respective descriptions:

    <p>Address pins = Used to specify the location of data in memory Data pins = Responsible for transferring data between memory and processor Control pins = Manage memory operations such as read and write Word address = Location number assigned to each word in memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following memory sizes with their interpretations:

    <p>96 bits = Could be 96 memory words each of size one bit, or 12 memory words each of size 8 bits, and so on 512K x 8 = Equivalent to 29 * 210 = 219 bits, with 512 KB of total size 2K x 10 = Results in 20480 bits of total size 3 address bits and 8 data bits = Leads to a memory with 8 words, each of size 8 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following memory organizations with their characteristics:

    <p>Indexed array of words = Millions of storage cells organized as an array, with each word having a word address Random Access Memory (RAM) = Connected to the processor by address, data, and control lines Read Only Memory (ROM) = Contains unchangeable data and is nonvolatile Cache memory = Improves performance by storing frequently accessed data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following memory chip configurations with their corresponding details:

    <p>512K x 8 = Has a size of 512 KB = (2^9 \times 2^{10} = 2^{19}) bits, with a size of MDR as 8 bits and MAR as 19 bits 2K x 10 = Involves 11 address pins, 10 data pins, and results in a memory total size of 20480 bits, with MDR size of 10 bits and MAR size of 11 bits 3 address bits and 8 data bits = Yields a memory with 8 words, each of size 8 bits Processor-dependent word size = Typically in multiples of 8 such as 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Computer Memory Organization and Operations

    • A number such as 753 requires at least two bytes of storage.
    • Word size is processor dependent and is normally in multiples of 8, such as 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits.
    • Memory is built from millions of storage cells organized as an indexed array of words, with each word assigned a location number called the word address.
    • Memory size can be interpreted in different ways, such as the total memory size being 96 bits, which can be 96 memory words each of size one bit, or 12 memory words each of size 8 bits, and so on.
    • Memory operations require data, address, and operation control, typically involving read and write operations.
    • A memory chip has three sets of pins: address pins, data pins, and control pins for memory operations.
    • The number of address pins, data pins, and the memory total size can be calculated based on the number of words and the size of each word in bits.
    • For a memory with 3 address bits and 8 data bits, there are 8 words and each word is of size 8 bits.
    • For a memory chip of size 512K x 8, there are 512 KB = 29 * 210 = 219 bits, with 3 control pins, and the size of MDR is 8 and the size of MAR is 19.
    • In a 2K x 10 Memory, there are 11 address pins, 10 data pins, and the memory total size is 20480 bits, with MDR size of 10 bits and MAR size of 11 bits.
    • The memory is connected to the processor by address, data, and control lines, with the address lines connected to the MAR and the data lines connected to the MDR.
    • Read and write operations involve the CPU placing the address of the memory word to be retrieved or written into the MAR register, setting the read or write control, and the memory responding accordingly.

    Computer Memory Organization and Operations

    • A number such as 753 requires at least two bytes of storage.
    • Word size is processor dependent and is normally in multiples of 8, such as 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits.
    • Memory is built from millions of storage cells organized as an indexed array of words, with each word assigned a location number called the word address.
    • Memory size can be interpreted in different ways, such as the total memory size being 96 bits, which can be 96 memory words each of size one bit, or 12 memory words each of size 8 bits, and so on.
    • Memory operations require data, address, and operation control, typically involving read and write operations.
    • A memory chip has three sets of pins: address pins, data pins, and control pins for memory operations.
    • The number of address pins, data pins, and the memory total size can be calculated based on the number of words and the size of each word in bits.
    • For a memory with 3 address bits and 8 data bits, there are 8 words and each word is of size 8 bits.
    • For a memory chip of size 512K x 8, there are 512 KB = 29 * 210 = 219 bits, with 3 control pins, and the size of MDR is 8 and the size of MAR is 19.
    • In a 2K x 10 Memory, there are 11 address pins, 10 data pins, and the memory total size is 20480 bits, with MDR size of 10 bits and MAR size of 11 bits.
    • The memory is connected to the processor by address, data, and control lines, with the address lines connected to the MAR and the data lines connected to the MDR.
    • Read and write operations involve the CPU placing the address of the memory word to be retrieved or written into the MAR register, setting the read or write control, and the memory responding accordingly.

    Computer Memory Organization and Operations

    • A number such as 753 requires at least two bytes of storage.
    • Word size is processor dependent and is normally in multiples of 8, such as 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits.
    • Memory is built from millions of storage cells organized as an indexed array of words, with each word assigned a location number called the word address.
    • Memory size can be interpreted in different ways, such as the total memory size being 96 bits, which can be 96 memory words each of size one bit, or 12 memory words each of size 8 bits, and so on.
    • Memory operations require data, address, and operation control, typically involving read and write operations.
    • A memory chip has three sets of pins: address pins, data pins, and control pins for memory operations.
    • The number of address pins, data pins, and the memory total size can be calculated based on the number of words and the size of each word in bits.
    • For a memory with 3 address bits and 8 data bits, there are 8 words and each word is of size 8 bits.
    • For a memory chip of size 512K x 8, there are 512 KB = 29 * 210 = 219 bits, with 3 control pins, and the size of MDR is 8 and the size of MAR is 19.
    • In a 2K x 10 Memory, there are 11 address pins, 10 data pins, and the memory total size is 20480 bits, with MDR size of 10 bits and MAR size of 11 bits.
    • The memory is connected to the processor by address, data, and control lines, with the address lines connected to the MAR and the data lines connected to the MDR.
    • Read and write operations involve the CPU placing the address of the memory word to be retrieved or written into the MAR register, setting the read or write control, and the memory responding accordingly.

    Computer Memory Organization and Operations

    • A number such as 753 requires at least two bytes of storage.
    • Word size is processor dependent and is normally in multiples of 8, such as 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits.
    • Memory is built from millions of storage cells organized as an indexed array of words, with each word assigned a location number called the word address.
    • Memory size can be interpreted in different ways, such as the total memory size being 96 bits, which can be 96 memory words each of size one bit, or 12 memory words each of size 8 bits, and so on.
    • Memory operations require data, address, and operation control, typically involving read and write operations.
    • A memory chip has three sets of pins: address pins, data pins, and control pins for memory operations.
    • The number of address pins, data pins, and the memory total size can be calculated based on the number of words and the size of each word in bits.
    • For a memory with 3 address bits and 8 data bits, there are 8 words and each word is of size 8 bits.
    • For a memory chip of size 512K x 8, there are 512 KB = 29 * 210 = 219 bits, with 3 control pins, and the size of MDR is 8 and the size of MAR is 19.
    • In a 2K x 10 Memory, there are 11 address pins, 10 data pins, and the memory total size is 20480 bits, with MDR size of 10 bits and MAR size of 11 bits.
    • The memory is connected to the processor by address, data, and control lines, with the address lines connected to the MAR and the data lines connected to the MDR.
    • Read and write operations involve the CPU placing the address of the memory word to be retrieved or written into the MAR register, setting the read or write control, and the memory responding accordingly.

    Computer Memory Organization and Operations

    • A number such as 753 requires at least two bytes of storage.
    • Word size is processor dependent and is normally in multiples of 8, such as 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits.
    • Memory is built from millions of storage cells organized as an indexed array of words, with each word assigned a location number called the word address.
    • Memory size can be interpreted in different ways, such as the total memory size being 96 bits, which can be 96 memory words each of size one bit, or 12 memory words each of size 8 bits, and so on.
    • Memory operations require data, address, and operation control, typically involving read and write operations.
    • A memory chip has three sets of pins: address pins, data pins, and control pins for memory operations.
    • The number of address pins, data pins, and the memory total size can be calculated based on the number of words and the size of each word in bits.
    • For a memory with 3 address bits and 8 data bits, there are 8 words and each word is of size 8 bits.
    • For a memory chip of size 512K x 8, there are 512 KB = 29 * 210 = 219 bits, with 3 control pins, and the size of MDR is 8 and the size of MAR is 19.
    • In a 2K x 10 Memory, there are 11 address pins, 10 data pins, and the memory total size is 20480 bits, with MDR size of 10 bits and MAR size of 11 bits.
    • The memory is connected to the processor by address, data, and control lines, with the address lines connected to the MAR and the data lines connected to the MDR.
    • Read and write operations involve the CPU placing the address of the memory word to be retrieved or written into the MAR register, setting the read or write control, and the memory responding accordingly.

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    Computer Organization 3. Memory Tutorial PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of RAM with this quiz covering the characteristics and types of Random Access Memory (RAM), including Static (SRAM) and Dynamic (DRAM) RAM. Learn about the differences between SRAM and DRAM and their storage methods.

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