Rainforest Conservation in China

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Questions and Answers

What potential benefit can planting more trees provide in relation to global warming?

  • Enhance temperature extremes
  • Increase soil erosion
  • Eliminate the need for biodiversity
  • Reduce carbon dioxide levels (correct)

How can reforested areas impact local communities?

  • Force local people to abandon their livelihoods
  • Increase competition for resources
  • Lead to reduced job opportunities
  • Assist local people in maintaining their livelihoods (correct)

What is a consequence of protecting degraded land through tree planting?

  • Reduction of rainfall
  • Protection from soil erosion (correct)
  • Increased risk of landslides
  • Loss of biomass

Which statement best describes the effects of introducing exotic species?

<p>It may disrupt the ecosystem despite potential benefits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do secondary forests play in an ecosystem?

<p>They generate economic returns through forest resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of applying agroforestry in plantations?

<p>Enhance soil fertility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a negative aspect of implementing agroforestry?

<p>High planning and production costs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can individuals do to help conserve tropical rainforests?

<p>Buy responsibly sourced products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the biodiversity of agroforestry plantations compared to natural forests?

<p>Agroforestry biodiversity is lower (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason individuals are encouraged to consume fewer rainforest products?

<p>To aid in rainforest conservation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary climate type where tropical rainforests in China are found?

<p>Hot and humid climate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region contains the largest area of tropical rainforests in China?

<p>Xishuangbanna (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the distribution of tropical rainforests in China?

<p>Scattered patches in the southern region (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions is NOT mentioned as having tropical rainforests in China?

<p>Guangdong (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant ecological role do tropical rainforests serve?

<p>They serve as biodiversity hotspots. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding tropical rainforests in southern China?

<p>They are primarily located in frost-free regions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was Xishuangbanna recognized as an internationally recognized rainforest area?

<p>1980 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which province is Xishuangbanna located?

<p>Yunnan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna is located in mountain areas?

<p>90% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of climate characterizes the tropical rainforests in Xishuangbanna?

<p>Tropical monsoon climate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tree species is noted for being the tallest in China's rainforests?

<p>Wangtianshu (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do tropical rainforests in Xishuangbanna compensate for low rainfall during the dry season?

<p>With dense fog providing moisture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of China's total animal species is found in the tropical rainforests of Xishuangbanna?

<p>25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate total area of the tropical rainforests in Xishuangbanna?

<p>19,223 km² (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features distinguishes the rainforest vegetation structure in Xishuangbanna?

<p>Five-layer structure with various plants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal species is mentioned as being critically endangered in the tropical rainforests of Xishuangbanna?

<p>Asian elephant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of forest fragmentation in Xishuangbanna?

<p>Reduced habitat for large mammals (B), Stronger winds in isolated areas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has happened to the biodiversity in cleared forests compared to natural forests?

<p>It is less than one-tenth of that in natural forests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has soil degradation affected forest regeneration in Xishuangbanna?

<p>It hinders forest regeneration even after plantations cease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal has become critically endangered due to habitat destruction?

<p>Indochinese tiger (C), Northern white-cheeked gibbon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What climatic change has been observed in Xishuangbanna's rainforests?

<p>A reduction of 100 foggy days per year (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the use of nitrogen fertilizers impact soil quality in plantations?

<p>It increases soil acidity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do rubber, tea, and eucalyptus plantations have on soil nutrient return?

<p>Lower biomass and less litter production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are elephants and tigers struggling to survive in fragmented forests?

<p>Their habitats have been greatly reduced. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the loss of rainforest cover in southern China?

<p>Deforestation for commercial purposes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which crop is NOT mentioned as a reason for deforestation in southern China?

<p>Cotton (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area is specifically referenced as suffering from primary rainforest loss?

<p>Hainan Dao (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has contributed to the increasing deforestation rates in southern China?

<p>Growing demand for cash crops (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of rainforest is primarily discussed in the context of the content?

<p>Tropical montane rainforest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the loss of rainforest mentioned in the content?

<p>Environmental degradation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of cultivation is primarily responsible for the rainforest removal in Xishuangbanna?

<p>Plantations of rubber and tea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which timeframe has the total area of primary forests been declining?

<p>The past few decades (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main climate feature of the tropical rainforests in Xishuangbanna?

<p>Tropical monsoon climate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Wangtianshu tree is the shortest tree species found in China's rainforests.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna is located in mountain areas?

<p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tropical rainforests in Xishuangbanna exhibit a five-layer structure of vegetation, which includes ___.

<p>epiphytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tree species is noted for being the tallest in China's rainforests?

<p>Sequoia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Forest Law' in China governs logging licenses and timber quotas.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features with their descriptions:

<p>Long summers = Characterized by high temperatures and rainfall Dense fog = Helps compensate for low rainfall during dry season Mountain areas = Houses 90% of the rainforest in Xishuangbanna Animal species = Includes over 2,000 species found in the rainforest</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate total area of the tropical rainforests in Xishuangbanna?

<p>Exact figure not provided.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the location of tropical rainforests in Hainan Dao?

<p>Located in the central and southern parts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary cause of the loss of rainforest cover in southern China is due to ________ cultivation.

<p>agricultural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Xishuangbanna is recognized as having the most concentrated and best-preserved rainforest in China.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many plant species are contained in the tropical rainforests of Xishuangbanna?

<p>Over 5,000 plant species</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following nature reserves or park areas with their locations:

<p>Xishuangbanna = Yunnan Province Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park = Hainan Island Wuzhishan = Hainan Island Wild Elephant Valley = Yunnan Province</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific requirement was imposed on Chinese firms starting from 2020 regarding timber?

<p>They must record the sources of their timber. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elephants and tigers are thriving in fragmented forests.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pattern is considered better for rainforest protection in Xishuangbanna?

<p>Spatial distribution of reserves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the loss of rainforest cover in southern China?

<p>Deforestation for commercial farming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main crops contributing to deforestation in southern China include rubber, tea, and eucalyptus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one region in southern China that has experienced significant loss of primary rainforest cover.

<p>Xishuangbanna</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deforestation is primarily driven by the demand for __________ products.

<p>cash crop</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following areas with their primary agricultural products:

<p>Xishuangbanna = Eucalyptus plantations Hainan Dao = Wood products</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which two decades has the loss of primary rainforest cover been recorded?

<p>2000s and 2010s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Commercial logging is not a significant cause of rainforest loss in southern China.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the demand for cash crops affected primary forests in southern China?

<p>It has led to deforestation and the removal of large areas of rainforest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major consequence of forest fragmentation in Xishuangbanna?

<p>Reduced habitats for large mammals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The biodiversity of cleared forests and plantations in Xishuangbanna is estimated to be more than one-tenth of that found in natural forests.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one critically endangered species due to habitat loss in Xishuangbanna.

<p>Indochinese tiger</p> Signup and view all the answers

Soil degradation from rubber, tea, and eucalyptus plantations results in fewer nutrients being returned to the soil, primarily due to less __________ produced.

<p>litter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the impacts with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Forest fragmentation = Leads to difficulty in species migration Reduction of biodiversity = Establishes critical endangerment of species Soil degradation = Results in loss of soil nutrients Climate change = Reduction in foggy days per year</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the use of nitrogen fertilizers have on soil in plantations?

<p>Increases nutrient leaching (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one action individuals can take to contribute to the conservation of tropical rainforests?

<p>Donate to environmental groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The climate in Xishuangbanna has remained unchanged since the early 2000s.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Participating in ecotourism can help promote the conservation of rainforest environments.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has soil acidity in plantations compared to natural forests?

<p>Much higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one significant factor that contributes to the fragmentation of nature reserves in Xishuangbanna.

<p>Lack of connectivity between reserves</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tropical rainforests in Xishuangbanna are characterized by _______ biodiversity due to human activities.

<p>declining</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the conservation actions with their descriptions:

<p>Support firms that minimize damage to rainforests = Encourages responsible business practices Join tree planting programs = Helps restore rainforest cover Share the importance of saving rainforests = Raises awareness among the public Participate in ecotourism = Promotes sustainable tourism practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of enforcing forestry laws?

<p>Preserves the rainforests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Banning logging has no impact on economic development.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one problem associated with ecotourism?

<p>Too many tourists may disturb the peaceful life of the local people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The high costs of _____ may hinder the enforcement of forestry laws due to the vastness of the rainforests.

<p>monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following actions with their respective benefits:

<p>Enforce forestry laws = Minimize illegal logging Ban logging = Slow down deforestation Ecotourism = Create jobs Restoration of degraded land = Improve soil quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of ecotourism?

<p>It may pollute the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Encouraging logging companies to use sustainable methods is considered a benefit of enforced forestry laws.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant effect of restoring degraded land?

<p>It helps slow down soil erosion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

____ charges for entrance fees can increase government revenues through ecotourism.

<p>Entrance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of enforcing forestry laws?

<p>Increases the cost of wood products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tropical Rainforests in China

Tropical rainforests in China are primarily located in the frost-free southern regions with hot and humid climates, marking the northern edge of Southeast Asian rainforests.

Xishuangbanna

A major rainforest region in southern Yunnan, China, holding the largest area of tropical rainforests in the country and is internationally recognized.

Hainan Dao

An island in China, also featuring a significant tropical rainforest ecosystem.

Tropical Rainforest Region Distribution

Tropical rainforests in China are distributed across southern Yunnan (Xishuangbanna), Hainan Island, southwestern Guangxi, and river valleys in southeastern Xizang, forming scattered patches.

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Northern Limit of Tropical Rainforest

Refers to the most northerly point where tropical rainforests are found, in this case, within certain areas of southern China.

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Xishuangbanna Location

Located in southern Yunnan, between 21°N and 22°N latitude.

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Xishuangbanna Rainforest Area

A tropical rainforest region in China, covering 19,223 square kilometers, largely mountainous (90%) and situated mostly above 600 meters elevation.

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Tropical Monsoon Climate

A climate characterized by hot, wet summers and short, mild winters, with significant rainfall concentrated in summer months, but supplemented during the dry season by dense fog.

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Wangtianshu (Sky Tree)

The tallest tree species in China, reaching 50-70 meters high, a distinctive emergent in the rainforest.

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Five-layer Vegetation Structure

The Xishuangbanna rainforest vegetation is organized into distinct layers, including epiphytes, stranglers, and lianas, exhibiting a rich and diverse structure.

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Hainan Dao Rainforest

A significant area of tropical rainforest located in the central and southern parts of Hainan Island, considered the most concentrated and well-preserved in China.

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High Biodiversity

Remarkable plant (over 5,000 species) and animal (over 2,000 species) diversity in Xishuangbanna rainforest, exceeding 16% and 25%, respectively, of China’s totals.

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Moisture Retention Mechanisms

Dense fog during the dry season in the Xishuangbanna rainforest plays an important role in maintaining moisture levels and supporting plant life.

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Rainforest Fragmentation

When large rainforest areas are cut down, they break into smaller, isolated pieces, making them more vulnerable to environmental damage.

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Reduced Biodiversity

The variety of plant and animal life in the rainforest is harmed by deforestation, often leading to the loss of some species and the endangerment of others.

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Soil Degradation

Deforestation and agricultural practices reduce the nutrients in the soil and increase acidity, making it harder for forests to recover.

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Climate Change in Rainforests (Xishuangbanna)

Deforestation and the related reduction in plant cover changes the local climate, including reduced fog, and this is observed in the Xishuangbanna region as compared to 2000.

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Deforestation Impacts

Deforestation's significant effects on rainforests encompass biodiversity loss, soil degradation, and local climate shifts.

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Reduced Biomass

Plantations (like rubber, tea, and eucalyptus) have less total plant material (biomass) compared to natural forests, returning fewer nutrients to the soil.

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Nutrient Leaching

Fertilizers used in plantations increase soil acidity, making nutrients dissolve and wash away more easily.

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Deforestation in Southern China

The removal of primary forests in southern China, primarily due to commercial farming and logging.

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Cash Crops in Xishuangbanna

Rubber, tea, and eucalyptus plantations are examples of cash crops that led to rainforest removal in Xishuangbanna.

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Hainan Dao Rainforest Loss

Forests on Hainan Dao have also declined due to commercial farming (primarily rubber, tea and eucalyptus).

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Commercial Logging's Impact

Removing trees for timber contributes to the loss of rainforest cover.

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Higher Incomes' Effect

Increased incomes in China have fueled demand for cash crops, wood, and paper, driving the clearing of rainforest land.

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Primary Forest Area Loss

The total area of undisturbed forests in southern China has been decreasing over recent decades.

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Eucalyptus

A type of tree often used in commercial plantations, replacing rainforest areas.

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Xishuangbanna

A rainforest region in southern Yunnan, China, known for specific commercial farming activities.

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Hainan Dao

Island region in China with significant rainforest, also impacted by commercial farming.

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Exotic Species Introduction

The act of introducing non-native species into an environment.

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Ecosystem Restoration

Bringing a damaged or degraded ecosystem back to a healthy state.

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Biodiversity Increase

Adding more species of plants and animals to an area.

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Carbon Dioxide Reduction

Planting trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, mitigating climate change.

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Local Livelihoods

Ways that people make a living in a specific area, often tied to natural resources.

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Economic Benefits

Reforested lands can offer income through forest resources and products.

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Soil Erosion Reduction

Preventing the wearing away of topsoil by planting trees, which reduces risk of hazards.

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Agroforestry in Plantations

Using trees and crops together in a plantation to improve soil, reduce pests, and increase income without relying on chemicals.

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Economic Loss Reduction

Agroforestry can reduce financial losses for nearby areas.

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Community Living Space

Agroforestry helps maintain and restore living surroundings for local residents.

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Soil Fertility Improvement

Agroforestry techniques can enhance soil quality and the growth of crops.

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Reduce Chemical Reliance

Agroforestry reduces reliance on harmful chemicals.

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Pest and Disease Management

Agroforestry methods lower the risk of pests and diseases.

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Diversified Income Sources

Agroforestry creates additional income options in the plantation.

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Conservation Actions (Individual)

Personal actions (like using less paper and buying sustainably sourced items) can help preserve rainforests.

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Xishuangbanna Rainforest Area

A large tropical rainforest area in southern Yunnan, China, covering 19,223 sq km, primarily mountainous above 600 meters.

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Tropical Monsoon Climate

Hot, wet summers and short, mild winters with high rainfall, complemented by fog during drier periods.

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Wangtianshu (Sky Tree)

The tallest tree species in China, growing 50-70 meters high, a dominant rainforest tree.

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Five-layer Vegetation Structure

The rainforest has distinct layers with epiphytes, stranglers, and lianas, showing a complex structure.

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High Biodiversity (Xishuangbanna)

Over 5,000 plant and 2,000 animal species, a significant portion of China's total.

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Hainan Dao Rainforest

Large tropical rainforest in central/southern Hainan, considered China's best preserved.

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Deforestation in Southern China

The removal of primary forests in southern China due to commercial farming and logging.

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Cash Crops in Xishuangbanna

Rubber, tea, and eucalyptus plantations that replaced rainforests in Xishuangbanna.

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Hainan Dao Rainforest Loss

Decrease in forests on Hainan Dao due to commercial farming, particularly rubber, tea, and eucalyptus.

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Commercial Logging

Removing trees for timber, contributing to rainforest loss.

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Higher Incomes' Effect

Increased incomes in China lead to greater demand for resources causing rainforest clearing.

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Primary Forest Area Loss

The total area of undisturbed forests in southern China has been decreasing.

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Eucalyptus

A tree often used in commercial plantations replacing rainforest areas.

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Xishuangbanna

Rainforest region in southern Yunnan, China, impacted by commercial farming.

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Hainan Dao

Island region in China with significant rainforest also impacted by commercial farming.

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Deforestation (mid-2000s-mid-2010s)

Forests were cut down most seriously during this period.

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Rainforest Fragmentation

When large rainforest areas are cut down, they break into smaller, isolated pieces, making them more vulnerable to environmental damage.

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Xishuangbanna Reserves

Scattered nature reserves in Xishuangbanna.

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Reduced Biodiversity

The variety of plant and animal life in the rainforest is harmed by deforestation, often leading to the loss of some species and the endangerment of others.

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Soil Degradation

Deforestation and agricultural practices reduce the nutrients in the soil and increase acidity, making it harder for forests to recover.

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Hainan Dao National Park

Large, continuous national park on Hainan Island.

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Rainforest Conservation Actions

Individual actions to protect tropical rainforests.

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Climate Change in Rainforests

Deforestation and the related reduction in plant cover changes the local climate, including reduced fog, and this is observed in the Xishuangbanna region as compared to 2000.

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Sustainable Products

Products made from wood from responsibly managed forests.

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Reduced Biomass

Plantations (like rubber, tea, and eucalyptus) have less total plant material (biomass) compared to natural forests, returning fewer nutrients to the soil.

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Nutrient Leaching

Fertilizers used in plantations increase soil acidity, making nutrients dissolve and wash away more easily.

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Ecotourism

Environmentally responsible travel in rainforests.

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Tree Planting Programs

Planting trees in rainforests for conservation.

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Exotic Species Introduction

The act of introducing non-native species into an environment.

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Environmental Groups

Organizations working on rainforest protection.

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Xishuangbanna Nature Reserves

A collection of protected areas in southern Yunnan, China, preserving tropical rainforest ecosystems.

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Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park

A protected area on Hainan Island, safeguarding a significant stretch of tropical rainforest in China.

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Spatial Distribution of Reserves

The arrangement and position of nature reserves across a particular landscape.

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Forest Law (1984)

Chinese legislation that manages logging licenses and timber quotas to sustainably manage forests.

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Timber Source Recording (2020)

Chinese firms must now document the origin of their timber.

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Compare reserve locations Xishuangbanna/Hainan

Identify and explain similarities and differences in the arrangement of nature reserves on separate geographic locations.

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Rainforest Protection

The act of safeguarding tropical rainforests from human impacts like deforestation.

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Which pattern of conservation efforts is better?

Evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of different strategies for rainforest preservation and protection from deforestation.

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Plantation agriculture

Planting crops and trees in large areas to make money.

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Ecotourism

Tourism focused on protecting the environment and supporting local people.

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Forestry laws

Rules and regulations to manage and protect forests.

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Illegal logging

Cutting down trees without permission or against the law.

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Sustainable logging

Cutting trees in a way that protects future forests.

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Deforestation

The removal of forests for other uses.

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Soil erosion

The wearing away of soil.

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Reforestation

Planting new trees to replace cut down ones.

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Conservation

Protecting and preserving natural resources.

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Economic benefits

Money earned from natural resources and tourism.

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Local livelihoods

Ways people make a living in a particular area.

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Preserving culture

Protecting a community's traditions and ways of life.

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Study Notes

Rainforest Conservation in China

  • Tropical rainforests exist in China, besides the Amazon and Congo basins, and Southeast Asia.
  • Tropical rainforests are primarily found in frost-free southern regions of China, where the climate is hot and humid.
  • These areas are considered the northern limit of the tropical rainforest region of Southeast Asia.
  • Two major rainforest regions are Xishuangbanna in southern Yunnan and on Hainan Dao.
  • Scattered rainforest patches are found in south-western Guangxi and south-eastern Xizang river valleys.
  • Xishuangbanna is the largest area of tropical rainforest in China, recognized internationally.

Xishuangbanna Rainforest

  • Covers 19,223 km².
  • Mostly mountainous (90%), with lowlands accounting for 10% of area.
  • Average elevation of 600 meters above sea level.
  • Experiences a tropical monsoon climate with hot, wet summers and mild, short winters.
  • High rainfall, mostly in the summer.
  • Dense fog during the winter helps compensate for lower rainfall.
  • Contains over 5,000 plant species and 2,000 animal species (approximately 16% and 25% of China's total respectively).
  • Includes the tallest tree species in China, the Wangtianshu (sky tree), reaching 50-70 meters high.
  • Habitat to the last few hundred Asian elephants in China.
  • Climate details are provided in a graph. (Temperature and Rainfall)

Hainan Dao Rainforest

  • Covers 6,593 km².
  • Land elevation varies from 40 meters to over 1,800 meters.
  • Rainforests above 800 meters are considered tropical montane rainforests.
  • Features a maritime tropical monsoon climate with hot, wet summers and mild, short winters.
  • High rainfall mainly in the summer.
  • Contains over 4,600 plant species (about 15% of China's total), with 600 endemic to Hainan Dao.
  • Contains over 570 animal species (about 7% of China's total).
  • Home to the Hainan gibbon (only ~37 left in 2023).
  • Climate details with graph are provided (Temperature and Rainfall)

Problems Faced by Rainforests

  • Total area of primary forests in southern China has been declining over the past few decades.
  • Xishuangbanna lost 12,502 hectares of primary forest (4% decrease) from 2002 to 2022.
  • Hainan Dao lost 9,428 hectares of primary forest (3.6% decrease) from 2002 to 2022.
  • Deforestation results from higher demand for cash crops, wood, and paper products in China.
  • Commercial farming activities (rubber, tea, eucalyptus) are significant contributors to deforestation.
  • Commercial logging for timber also contributes to deforestation.

Conservation Measures

  • Setting up protected areas (nature reserves and national parks) are implemented.
  • Restricted development in these areas.
  • Ecotourism is promoted.
  • Enforcing forestry laws.
  • Banning of commercial logging in high-value natural forests.
  • Reforestation efforts.
  • Conversion of plantations to multi-species and multi-layered plantations (agroforestry).
  • Benefits and limitations of conservation measures are listed in individual tables.

Individual Actions

  • Options for individual action are provided in a list These include consuming fewer rainforest products, buying sustainably sourced goods, supporting organizations involved in rainforest conservation, donating, participating in ecotourism, and joining tree-planting programs.

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