Radiology Lecture Notes

X-Ray Discovery and Development

• Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity
• William Watson discovered electrical current
• Michael Faraday introduced the concept of passing electricity through a coil of wire, creating an electromagnetic field
• William Goodspeed created the first radiograph (hand) on February 22, 1890, but did not publish his work
• Sir William Crookes created the vacuum tube (Crookes tube)
• Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 and named them "X" because they were unknown
• Roentgen published his report on X-rays in 1895 and received the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901
• Thomas Edison developed the fluoroscopy tube (VITASCOPE) around the same time
• In 1972, Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack developed Computed Tomography (CT) scanners
• The latest advancement is Photon CT scanners, which provide high-quality images at a lower dose

Patient Care in Imaging Technology

• Patient care and safety are the top priority in any facility or outpatient setting
• Good patient care helps prevent incidents and liability to the hospital
• The healthcare team includes everyone who works in the hospital, including housekeeping, radiology, respiratory, nursing staff, physicians, and PA's
• The healthcare environment includes the mission, vision, and values of the organization, which are critical for high-quality patient care
• Healthcare organizations have elements of professionalism, such as a positive attitude, following the Code of Conduct, and working well with others

Accreditation and Professional Credentialing

• Accreditation is a process that helps hospitals comply with patient safety measures and maintain high standards of care
• The Joint Commission (TJC), DNV, and other organizations provide accreditation
• Accreditation affects hospital reimbursements and the ability to maintain daily operations with quality patient care
• Professional credentialing organizations include the American College of Radiology (ACR), American Medical Association (AMA), American Hospital Radiology Administrators (AHRA), and others
• The ACR is the gold standard of accreditation and represents radiologists, radiation oncologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and medical physicists

Radiographer Responsibilities

• Perform radiographic examinations
• Provide patient care and assessment
• Adhere to radiation protection guidelines
• Follow radiography practice standards set by the ARRT/ASRT/Hospital Policy/State Laws
• Assist radiologists or radiologist assistants (RA)
• Evaluate radiographic images
• Correctly document as required by policy and procedures of hospital, state, and national practices
• Provide patient and family education
• Demonstrate knowledge and use of contrast media and administration
• Follow established practice standards
• Assist radiologists in procedures (UGI, BE, lumbar punctures, all radiographs performed)
• Apply modern principles of radiography and radiation exposure (Rad 50)
• Understand and demonstrate medical terminology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology of imaging
• Maintain a high level of accuracy in positioning and performing radiographs
• Provide direct patient care
• Evaluate equipment errors

ASRT Practice Standards

• Practice standards are necessary to provide a standard of care
• The standard of care is defined as what any prudent radiologic technologist would do for the patient in the same situation
• Supervisors, employers, hospitals, and the ARRT enforce practice standards
• The ASRT practice standards include assessment, analysis and determination, education, performance, evaluation, implementation, outcomes measurement, documentation, quality, self-assessment, collaboration and collegiality, ethics, research, and innovation, and professionalism

Scope of Practice

• Administer contrast agents enterally (by mouth, G tube, J tube, for digestion) and parenterally (outside of the intestine, i.e., intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous injections)
• Apply principles of ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) to minimize exposure to patients, self, and others
• Apply safety for patients before, during, and after all patient care exams or interactions
• Assist in maintaining medical records and HIPAA policy and procedures
• Corroborate clinical history, document correct patient information for radiologists and medical records
• Educate other healthcare professionals and students
• Evaluate images for proper technical quality and ensure proper identification is documented
• Evaluate images for proper diagnostic information
• Identify and respond to emergency situations
• Perform ongoing QA and QC of equipment
• Perform venipuncture as prescribed by a physician for specific exams, protocol set by radiologists
• Post-process imaging data

Regulatory Agencies

• FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
• CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
• NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)
• CMS (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services)
• AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality)

Summary

• Review key concepts from Chapter 1, including standard of care, radiographer responsibilities, ASRT practice standards, scope of practice, accreditation, and regulatory agencies

X-Ray Discovery and Development

• Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity
• William Watson discovered electrical current
• Michael Faraday introduced the concept of passing electricity through a coil of wire, creating an electromagnetic field
• William Goodspeed created the first radiograph (hand) on February 22, 1890, but did not publish his work
• Sir William Crookes created the vacuum tube (Crookes tube)
• Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 and named them "X" because they were unknown
• Roentgen published his report on X-rays in 1895 and received the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901
• Thomas Edison developed the fluoroscopy tube (VITASCOPE) around the same time
• In 1972, Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack developed Computed Tomography (CT) scanners
• The latest advancement is Photon CT scanners, which provide high-quality images at a lower dose

Patient Care in Imaging Technology

• Patient care and safety are the top priority in any facility or outpatient setting
• Good patient care helps prevent incidents and liability to the hospital
• The healthcare team includes everyone who works in the hospital, including housekeeping, radiology, respiratory, nursing staff, physicians, and PA's
• The healthcare environment includes the mission, vision, and values of the organization, which are critical for high-quality patient care
• Healthcare organizations have elements of professionalism, such as a positive attitude, following the Code of Conduct, and working well with others

Accreditation and Professional Credentialing

• Accreditation is a process that helps hospitals comply with patient safety measures and maintain high standards of care
• The Joint Commission (TJC), DNV, and other organizations provide accreditation
• Accreditation affects hospital reimbursements and the ability to maintain daily operations with quality patient care
• Professional credentialing organizations include the American College of Radiology (ACR), American Medical Association (AMA), American Hospital Radiology Administrators (AHRA), and others
• The ACR is the gold standard of accreditation and represents radiologists, radiation oncologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and medical physicists

Radiographer Responsibilities

• Perform radiographic examinations
• Provide patient care and assessment
• Adhere to radiation protection guidelines
• Follow radiography practice standards set by the ARRT/ASRT/Hospital Policy/State Laws
• Assist radiologists or radiologist assistants (RA)
• Evaluate radiographic images
• Correctly document as required by policy and procedures of hospital, state, and national practices
• Provide patient and family education
• Demonstrate knowledge and use of contrast media and administration
• Follow established practice standards
• Assist radiologists in procedures (UGI, BE, lumbar punctures, all radiographs performed)
• Apply modern principles of radiography and radiation exposure (Rad 50)
• Understand and demonstrate medical terminology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology of imaging
• Maintain a high level of accuracy in positioning and performing radiographs
• Provide direct patient care
• Evaluate equipment errors

ASRT Practice Standards

• Practice standards are necessary to provide a standard of care
• The standard of care is defined as what any prudent radiologic technologist would do for the patient in the same situation
• Supervisors, employers, hospitals, and the ARRT enforce practice standards
• The ASRT practice standards include assessment, analysis and determination, education, performance, evaluation, implementation, outcomes measurement, documentation, quality, self-assessment, collaboration and collegiality, ethics, research, and innovation, and professionalism

Scope of Practice

• Administer contrast agents enterally (by mouth, G tube, J tube, for digestion) and parenterally (outside of the intestine, i.e., intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous injections)
• Apply principles of ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) to minimize exposure to patients, self, and others
• Apply safety for patients before, during, and after all patient care exams or interactions
• Assist in maintaining medical records and HIPAA policy and procedures
• Corroborate clinical history, document correct patient information for radiologists and medical records
• Educate other healthcare professionals and students
• Evaluate images for proper technical quality and ensure proper identification is documented
• Evaluate images for proper diagnostic information
• Identify and respond to emergency situations
• Perform ongoing QA and QC of equipment
• Perform venipuncture as prescribed by a physician for specific exams, protocol set by radiologists
• Post-process imaging data

Regulatory Agencies

• FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
• CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
• NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)
• CMS (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services)
• AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality)

Summary

• Review key concepts from Chapter 1, including standard of care, radiographer responsibilities, ASRT practice standards, scope of practice, accreditation, and regulatory agencies

X-Ray Discovery and Development

• Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity
• William Watson discovered electrical current
• Michael Faraday introduced the concept of passing electricity through a coil of wire, creating an electromagnetic field
• William Goodspeed created the first radiograph (hand) on February 22, 1890, but did not publish his work
• Sir William Crookes created the vacuum tube (Crookes tube)
• Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 and named them "X" because they were unknown
• Roentgen published his report on X-rays in 1895 and received the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901
• Thomas Edison developed the fluoroscopy tube (VITASCOPE) around the same time
• In 1972, Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack developed Computed Tomography (CT) scanners
• The latest advancement is Photon CT scanners, which provide high-quality images at a lower dose

Patient Care in Imaging Technology

• Patient care and safety are the top priority in any facility or outpatient setting
• Good patient care helps prevent incidents and liability to the hospital
• The healthcare team includes everyone who works in the hospital, including housekeeping, radiology, respiratory, nursing staff, physicians, and PA's
• The healthcare environment includes the mission, vision, and values of the organization, which are critical for high-quality patient care
• Healthcare organizations have elements of professionalism, such as a positive attitude, following the Code of Conduct, and working well with others

Accreditation and Professional Credentialing

• Accreditation is a process that helps hospitals comply with patient safety measures and maintain high standards of care
• The Joint Commission (TJC), DNV, and other organizations provide accreditation
• Accreditation affects hospital reimbursements and the ability to maintain daily operations with quality patient care
• Professional credentialing organizations include the American College of Radiology (ACR), American Medical Association (AMA), American Hospital Radiology Administrators (AHRA), and others
• The ACR is the gold standard of accreditation and represents radiologists, radiation oncologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and medical physicists

Radiographer Responsibilities

• Perform radiographic examinations
• Provide patient care and assessment
• Adhere to radiation protection guidelines
• Follow radiography practice standards set by the ARRT/ASRT/Hospital Policy/State Laws
• Assist radiologists or radiologist assistants (RA)
• Evaluate radiographic images
• Correctly document as required by policy and procedures of hospital, state, and national practices
• Provide patient and family education
• Demonstrate knowledge and use of contrast media and administration
• Follow established practice standards
• Assist radiologists in procedures (UGI, BE, lumbar punctures, all radiographs performed)
• Apply modern principles of radiography and radiation exposure (Rad 50)
• Understand and demonstrate medical terminology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology of imaging
• Maintain a high level of accuracy in positioning and performing radiographs
• Provide direct patient care
• Evaluate equipment errors

ASRT Practice Standards

• Practice standards are necessary to provide a standard of care
• The standard of care is defined as what any prudent radiologic technologist would do for the patient in the same situation
• Supervisors, employers, hospitals, and the ARRT enforce practice standards
• The ASRT practice standards include assessment, analysis and determination, education, performance, evaluation, implementation, outcomes measurement, documentation, quality, self-assessment, collaboration and collegiality, ethics, research, and innovation, and professionalism

Scope of Practice

• Administer contrast agents enterally (by mouth, G tube, J tube, for digestion) and parenterally (outside of the intestine, i.e., intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous injections)
• Apply principles of ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) to minimize exposure to patients, self, and others
• Apply safety for patients before, during, and after all patient care exams or interactions
• Assist in maintaining medical records and HIPAA policy and procedures
• Corroborate clinical history, document correct patient information for radiologists and medical records
• Educate other healthcare professionals and students
• Evaluate images for proper technical quality and ensure proper identification is documented
• Evaluate images for proper diagnostic information
• Identify and respond to emergency situations
• Perform ongoing QA and QC of equipment
• Perform venipuncture as prescribed by a physician for specific exams, protocol set by radiologists
• Post-process imaging data

Regulatory Agencies

• FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
• CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
• NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)
• CMS (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services)
• AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality)

Summary

• Review key concepts from Chapter 1, including standard of care, radiographer responsibilities, ASRT practice standards, scope of practice, accreditation, and regulatory agencies

X-Ray Discovery and Development

• Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity
• William Watson discovered electrical current
• Michael Faraday introduced the concept of passing electricity through a coil of wire, creating an electromagnetic field
• William Goodspeed created the first radiograph (hand) on February 22, 1890, but did not publish his work
• Sir William Crookes created the vacuum tube (Crookes tube)
• Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 and named them "X" because they were unknown
• Roentgen published his report on X-rays in 1895 and received the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901
• Thomas Edison developed the fluoroscopy tube (VITASCOPE) around the same time
• In 1972, Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack developed Computed Tomography (CT) scanners
• The latest advancement is Photon CT scanners, which provide high-quality images at a lower dose

Patient Care in Imaging Technology

• Patient care and safety are the top priority in any facility or outpatient setting
• Good patient care helps prevent incidents and liability to the hospital
• The healthcare team includes everyone who works in the hospital, including housekeeping, radiology, respiratory, nursing staff, physicians, and PA's
• The healthcare environment includes the mission, vision, and values of the organization, which are critical for high-quality patient care
• Healthcare organizations have elements of professionalism, such as a positive attitude, following the Code of Conduct, and working well with others

Accreditation and Professional Credentialing

• Accreditation is a process that helps hospitals comply with patient safety measures and maintain high standards of care
• The Joint Commission (TJC), DNV, and other organizations provide accreditation
• Accreditation affects hospital reimbursements and the ability to maintain daily operations with quality patient care
• Professional credentialing organizations include the American College of Radiology (ACR), American Medical Association (AMA), American Hospital Radiology Administrators (AHRA), and others
• The ACR is the gold standard of accreditation and represents radiologists, radiation oncologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and medical physicists

Radiographer Responsibilities

• Perform radiographic examinations
• Provide patient care and assessment
• Adhere to radiation protection guidelines
• Follow radiography practice standards set by the ARRT/ASRT/Hospital Policy/State Laws
• Assist radiologists or radiologist assistants (RA)
• Evaluate radiographic images
• Correctly document as required by policy and procedures of hospital, state, and national practices
• Provide patient and family education
• Demonstrate knowledge and use of contrast media and administration
• Follow established practice standards
• Assist radiologists in procedures (UGI, BE, lumbar punctures, all radiographs performed)
• Apply modern principles of radiography and radiation exposure (Rad 50)
• Understand and demonstrate medical terminology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology of imaging
• Maintain a high level of accuracy in positioning and performing radiographs
• Provide direct patient care
• Evaluate equipment errors

ASRT Practice Standards

• Practice standards are necessary to provide a standard of care
• The standard of care is defined as what any prudent radiologic technologist would do for the patient in the same situation
• Supervisors, employers, hospitals, and the ARRT enforce practice standards
• The ASRT practice standards include assessment, analysis and determination, education, performance, evaluation, implementation, outcomes measurement, documentation, quality, self-assessment, collaboration and collegiality, ethics, research, and innovation, and professionalism

Scope of Practice

• Administer contrast agents enterally (by mouth, G tube, J tube, for digestion) and parenterally (outside of the intestine, i.e., intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous injections)
• Apply principles of ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) to minimize exposure to patients, self, and others
• Apply safety for patients before, during, and after all patient care exams or interactions
• Assist in maintaining medical records and HIPAA policy and procedures
• Corroborate clinical history, document correct patient information for radiologists and medical records
• Educate other healthcare professionals and students
• Evaluate images for proper technical quality and ensure proper identification is documented
• Evaluate images for proper diagnostic information
• Identify and respond to emergency situations
• Perform ongoing QA and QC of equipment
• Perform venipuncture as prescribed by a physician for specific exams, protocol set by radiologists
• Post-process imaging data

Regulatory Agencies

• FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
• CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
• NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)
• CMS (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services)
• AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality)

Summary

• Review key concepts from Chapter 1, including standard of care, radiographer responsibilities, ASRT practice standards, scope of practice, accreditation, and regulatory agencies

X-Ray Discovery and Development

• Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity
• William Watson discovered electrical current
• Michael Faraday introduced the concept of passing electricity through a coil of wire, creating an electromagnetic field
• William Goodspeed created the first radiograph (hand) on February 22, 1890, but did not publish his work
• Sir William Crookes created the vacuum tube (Crookes tube)
• Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 and named them "X" because they were unknown
• Roentgen published his report on X-rays in 1895 and received the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901
• Thomas Edison developed the fluoroscopy tube (VITASCOPE) around the same time
• In 1972, Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack developed Computed Tomography (CT) scanners
• The latest advancement is Photon CT scanners, which provide high-quality images at a lower dose

Patient Care in Imaging Technology

• Patient care and safety are the top priority in any facility or outpatient setting
• Good patient care helps prevent incidents and liability to the hospital
• The healthcare team includes everyone who works in the hospital, including housekeeping, radiology, respiratory, nursing staff, physicians, and PA's
• The healthcare environment includes the mission, vision, and values of the organization, which are critical for high-quality patient care
• Healthcare organizations have elements of professionalism, such as a positive attitude, following the Code of Conduct, and working well with others

Accreditation and Professional Credentialing

• Accreditation is a process that helps hospitals comply with patient safety measures and maintain high standards of care
• The Joint Commission (TJC), DNV, and other organizations provide accreditation
• Accreditation affects hospital reimbursements and the ability to maintain daily operations with quality patient care
• Professional credentialing organizations include the American College of Radiology (ACR), American Medical Association (AMA), American Hospital Radiology Administrators (AHRA), and others
• The ACR is the gold standard of accreditation and represents radiologists, radiation oncologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and medical physicists

Radiographer Responsibilities

• Perform radiographic examinations
• Provide patient care and assessment
• Adhere to radiation protection guidelines
• Follow radiography practice standards set by the ARRT/ASRT/Hospital Policy/State Laws
• Assist radiologists or radiologist assistants (RA)
• Evaluate radiographic images
• Correctly document as required by policy and procedures of hospital, state, and national practices
• Provide patient and family education
• Demonstrate knowledge and use of contrast media and administration
• Follow established practice standards
• Assist radiologists in procedures (UGI, BE, lumbar punctures, all radiographs performed)
• Apply modern principles of radiography and radiation exposure (Rad 50)
• Understand and demonstrate medical terminology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology of imaging
• Maintain a high level of accuracy in positioning and performing radiographs
• Provide direct patient care
• Evaluate equipment errors

ASRT Practice Standards

• Practice standards are necessary to provide a standard of care
• The standard of care is defined as what any prudent radiologic technologist would do for the patient in the same situation
• Supervisors, employers, hospitals, and the ARRT enforce practice standards
• The ASRT practice standards include assessment, analysis and determination, education, performance, evaluation, implementation, outcomes measurement, documentation, quality, self-assessment, collaboration and collegiality, ethics, research, and innovation, and professionalism

Scope of Practice

• Administer contrast agents enterally (by mouth, G tube, J tube, for digestion) and parenterally (outside of the intestine, i.e., intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous injections)
• Apply principles of ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) to minimize exposure to patients, self, and others
• Apply safety for patients before, during, and after all patient care exams or interactions
• Assist in maintaining medical records and HIPAA policy and procedures
• Corroborate clinical history, document correct patient information for radiologists and medical records
• Educate other healthcare professionals and students
• Evaluate images for proper technical quality and ensure proper identification is documented
• Evaluate images for proper diagnostic information
• Identify and respond to emergency situations
• Perform ongoing QA and QC of equipment
• Perform venipuncture as prescribed by a physician for specific exams, protocol set by radiologists
• Post-process imaging data

Regulatory Agencies

• FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
• CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
• NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)
• CMS (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services)
• AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality)

Summary

• Review key concepts from Chapter 1, including standard of care, radiographer responsibilities, ASRT practice standards, scope of practice, accreditation, and regulatory agencies

X-Ray Discovery and Development

• Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity
• William Watson discovered electrical current
• Michael Faraday introduced the concept of passing electricity through a coil of wire, creating an electromagnetic field
• William Goodspeed created the first radiograph (hand) on February 22, 1890, but did not publish his work
• Sir William Crookes created the vacuum tube (Crookes tube)
• Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 and named them "X" because they were unknown
• Roentgen published his report on X-rays in 1895 and received the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901
• Thomas Edison developed the fluoroscopy tube (VITASCOPE) around the same time
• In 1972, Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack developed Computed Tomography (CT) scanners
• The latest advancement is Photon CT scanners, which provide high-quality images at a lower dose

Patient Care in Imaging Technology

• Patient care and safety are the top priority in any facility or outpatient setting
• Good patient care helps prevent incidents and liability to the hospital
• The healthcare team includes everyone who works in the hospital, including housekeeping, radiology, respiratory, nursing staff, physicians, and PA's
• The healthcare environment includes the mission, vision, and values of the organization, which are critical for high-quality patient care
• Healthcare organizations have elements of professionalism, such as a positive attitude, following the Code of Conduct, and working well with others

Accreditation and Professional Credentialing

• Accreditation is a process that helps hospitals comply with patient safety measures and maintain high standards of care
• The Joint Commission (TJC), DNV, and other organizations provide accreditation
• Accreditation affects hospital reimbursements and the ability to maintain daily operations with quality patient care
• Professional credentialing organizations include the American College of Radiology (ACR), American Medical Association (AMA), American Hospital Radiology Administrators (AHRA), and others
• The ACR is the gold standard of accreditation and represents radiologists, radiation oncologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and medical physicists

Radiographer Responsibilities

• Perform radiographic examinations
• Provide patient care and assessment
• Adhere to radiation protection guidelines
• Follow radiography practice standards set by the ARRT/ASRT/Hospital Policy/State Laws
• Assist radiologists or radiologist assistants (RA)
• Evaluate radiographic images
• Correctly document as required by policy and procedures of hospital, state, and national practices
• Provide patient and family education
• Demonstrate knowledge and use of contrast media and administration
• Follow established practice standards
• Assist radiologists in procedures (UGI, BE, lumbar punctures, all radiographs performed)
• Apply modern principles of radiography and radiation exposure (Rad 50)
• Understand and demonstrate medical terminology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology of imaging
• Maintain a high level of accuracy in positioning and performing radiographs
• Provide direct patient care
• Evaluate equipment errors

ASRT Practice Standards

• Practice standards are necessary to provide a standard of care
• The standard of care is defined as what any prudent radiologic technologist would do for the patient in the same situation
• Supervisors, employers, hospitals, and the ARRT enforce practice standards
• The ASRT practice standards include assessment, analysis and determination, education, performance, evaluation, implementation, outcomes measurement, documentation, quality, self-assessment, collaboration and collegiality, ethics, research, and innovation, and professionalism

Scope of Practice

• Administer contrast agents enterally (by mouth, G tube, J tube, for digestion) and parenterally (outside of the intestine, i.e., intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous injections)
• Apply principles of ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) to minimize exposure to patients, self, and others
• Apply safety for patients before, during, and after all patient care exams or interactions
• Assist in maintaining medical records and HIPAA policy and procedures
• Corroborate clinical history, document correct patient information for radiologists and medical records
• Educate other healthcare professionals and students
• Evaluate images for proper technical quality and ensure proper identification is documented
• Evaluate images for proper diagnostic information
• Identify and respond to emergency situations
• Perform ongoing QA and QC of equipment
• Perform venipuncture as prescribed by a physician for specific exams, protocol set by radiologists
• Post-process imaging data

Regulatory Agencies

• FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
• CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
• NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)
• CMS (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services)
• AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality)

Summary

• Review key concepts from Chapter 1, including standard of care, radiographer responsibilities, ASRT practice standards, scope of practice, accreditation, and regulatory agencies

X-Ray Discovery and Development

• Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity
• William Watson discovered electrical current
• Michael Faraday introduced the concept of passing electricity through a coil of wire, creating an electromagnetic field
• William Goodspeed created the first radiograph (hand) on February 22, 1890, but did not publish his work
• Sir William Crookes created the vacuum tube (Crookes tube)
• Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 and named them "X" because they were unknown
• Roentgen published his report on X-rays in 1895 and received the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901
• Thomas Edison developed the fluoroscopy tube (VITASCOPE) around the same time
• In 1972, Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack developed Computed Tomography (CT) scanners
• The latest advancement is Photon CT scanners, which provide high-quality images at a lower dose

Patient Care in Imaging Technology

• Patient care and safety are the top priority in any facility or outpatient setting
• Good patient care helps prevent incidents and liability to the hospital
• The healthcare team includes everyone who works in the hospital, including housekeeping, radiology, respiratory, nursing staff, physicians, and PA's
• The healthcare environment includes the mission, vision, and values of the organization, which are critical for high-quality patient care
• Healthcare organizations have elements of professionalism, such as a positive attitude, following the Code of Conduct, and working well with others

Accreditation and Professional Credentialing

• Accreditation is a process that helps hospitals comply with patient safety measures and maintain high standards of care
• The Joint Commission (TJC), DNV, and other organizations provide accreditation
• Accreditation affects hospital reimbursements and the ability to maintain daily operations with quality patient care
• Professional credentialing organizations include the American College of Radiology (ACR), American Medical Association (AMA), American Hospital Radiology Administrators (AHRA), and others
• The ACR is the gold standard of accreditation and represents radiologists, radiation oncologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and medical physicists

Radiographer Responsibilities

• Perform radiographic examinations
• Provide patient care and assessment
• Adhere to radiation protection guidelines
• Follow radiography practice standards set by the ARRT/ASRT/Hospital Policy/State Laws
• Assist radiologists or radiologist assistants (RA)
• Evaluate radiographic images
• Correctly document as required by policy and procedures of hospital, state, and national practices
• Provide patient and family education
• Demonstrate knowledge and use of contrast media and administration
• Follow established practice standards
• Assist radiologists in procedures (UGI, BE, lumbar punctures, all radiographs performed)
• Apply modern principles of radiography and radiation exposure (Rad 50)
• Understand and demonstrate medical terminology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology of imaging
• Maintain a high level of accuracy in positioning and performing radiographs
• Provide direct patient care
• Evaluate equipment errors

ASRT Practice Standards

• Practice standards are necessary to provide a standard of care
• The standard of care is defined as what any prudent radiologic technologist would do for the patient in the same situation
• Supervisors, employers, hospitals, and the ARRT enforce practice standards
• The ASRT practice standards include assessment, analysis and determination, education, performance, evaluation, implementation, outcomes measurement, documentation, quality, self-assessment, collaboration and collegiality, ethics, research, and innovation, and professionalism

Scope of Practice

• Administer contrast agents enterally (by mouth, G tube, J tube, for digestion) and parenterally (outside of the intestine, i.e., intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous injections)
• Apply principles of ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) to minimize exposure to patients, self, and others
• Apply safety for patients before, during, and after all patient care exams or interactions
• Assist in maintaining medical records and HIPAA policy and procedures
• Corroborate clinical history, document correct patient information for radiologists and medical records
• Educate other healthcare professionals and students
• Evaluate images for proper technical quality and ensure proper identification is documented
• Evaluate images for proper diagnostic information
• Identify and respond to emergency situations
• Perform ongoing QA and QC of equipment
• Perform venipuncture as prescribed by a physician for specific exams, protocol set by radiologists
• Post-process imaging data

Regulatory Agencies

• FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
• CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
• NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)
• CMS (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services)
• AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality)

Summary

• Review key concepts from Chapter 1, including standard of care, radiographer responsibilities, ASRT practice standards, scope of practice, accreditation, and regulatory agencies

X-Ray Discovery and Development

• Benjamin Franklin discovered electricity
• William Watson discovered electrical current
• Michael Faraday introduced the concept of passing electricity through a coil of wire, creating an electromagnetic field
• William Goodspeed created the first radiograph (hand) on February 22, 1890, but did not publish his work
• Sir William Crookes created the vacuum tube (Crookes tube)
• Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 and named them "X" because they were unknown
• Roentgen published his report on X-rays in 1895 and received the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901
• Thomas Edison developed the fluoroscopy tube (VITASCOPE) around the same time
• In 1972, Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack developed Computed Tomography (CT) scanners
• The latest advancement is Photon CT scanners, which provide high-quality images at a lower dose

Patient Care in Imaging Technology

• Patient care and safety are the top priority in any facility or outpatient setting
• Good patient care helps prevent incidents and liability to the hospital
• The healthcare team includes everyone who works in the hospital, including housekeeping, radiology, respiratory, nursing staff, physicians, and PA's
• The healthcare environment includes the mission, vision, and values of the organization, which are critical for high-quality patient care
• Healthcare organizations have elements of professionalism, such as a positive attitude, following the Code of Conduct, and working well with others

Accreditation and Professional Credentialing

• Accreditation is a process that helps hospitals comply with patient safety measures and maintain high standards of care
• The Joint Commission (TJC), DNV, and other organizations provide accreditation
• Accreditation affects hospital reimbursements and the ability to maintain daily operations with quality patient care
• Professional credentialing organizations include the American College of Radiology (ACR), American Medical Association (AMA), American Hospital Radiology Administrators (AHRA), and others
• The ACR is the gold standard of accreditation and represents radiologists, radiation oncologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and medical physicists

Radiographer Responsibilities

• Perform radiographic examinations
• Provide patient care and assessment
• Adhere to radiation protection guidelines
• Follow radiography practice standards set by the ARRT/ASRT/Hospital Policy/State Laws
• Assist radiologists or radiologist assistants (RA)
• Evaluate radiographic images
• Correctly document as required by policy and procedures of hospital, state, and national practices
• Provide patient and family education
• Demonstrate knowledge and use of contrast media and administration
• Follow established practice standards
• Assist radiologists in procedures (UGI, BE, lumbar punctures, all radiographs performed)
• Apply modern principles of radiography and radiation exposure (Rad 50)
• Understand and demonstrate medical terminology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology of imaging
• Maintain a high level of accuracy in positioning and performing radiographs
• Provide direct patient care
• Evaluate equipment errors

ASRT Practice Standards

• Practice standards are necessary to provide a standard of care
• The standard of care is defined as what any prudent radiologic technologist would do for the patient in the same situation
• Supervisors, employers, hospitals, and the ARRT enforce practice standards
• The ASRT practice standards include assessment, analysis and determination, education, performance, evaluation, implementation, outcomes measurement, documentation, quality, self-assessment, collaboration and collegiality, ethics, research, and innovation, and professionalism

Scope of Practice

• Administer contrast agents enterally (by mouth, G tube, J tube, for digestion) and parenterally (outside of the intestine, i.e., intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous injections)
• Apply principles of ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) to minimize exposure to patients, self, and others
• Apply safety for patients before, during, and after all patient care exams or interactions
• Assist in maintaining medical records and HIPAA policy and procedures
• Corroborate clinical history, document correct patient information for radiologists and medical records
• Educate other healthcare professionals and students
• Evaluate images for proper technical quality and ensure proper identification is documented
• Evaluate images for proper diagnostic information
• Identify and respond to emergency situations
• Perform ongoing QA and QC of equipment
• Perform venipuncture as prescribed by a physician for specific exams, protocol set by radiologists
• Post-process imaging data

Regulatory Agencies

• FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
• CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
• NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)
• CMS (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services)
• AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality)

Summary

• Review key concepts from Chapter 1, including standard of care, radiographer responsibilities, ASRT practice standards, scope of practice, accreditation, and regulatory agencies

Review of key concepts and ideas covered in radiology class, including textbook and syllabus material, for practical application in clinic.