Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is rectangular collimation with F-speed film?
What is rectangular collimation with F-speed film?
Rectangular collimation with digital sensor.
Which stage of the radiation injury sequence is your patient in if she reports having a burning sore throat and great difficulty swallowing?
Which stage of the radiation injury sequence is your patient in if she reports having a burning sore throat and great difficulty swallowing?
- Cumulative effects
- Injury (correct)
- Latent
- Recovery
What could you tell your patient to alleviate her concerns about dental x-rays?
What could you tell your patient to alleviate her concerns about dental x-rays?
- Your risk of getting cancer from dental x-rays is only 2 times greater than getting cancer spontaneously.
- We take x-rays once a year, it is safe, and that is all your insurance will pay for.
- The risks from dental imaging are not significantly greater than the risks of other everyday activities in modern life. (correct)
- Three fourths of the radiation exposure you will have throughout your life will come from background radiation.
What are the ordered steps in the formation of hydrogen peroxide?
What are the ordered steps in the formation of hydrogen peroxide?
The gag reflex is elicited by stimulation of which sensitive tissues?
The gag reflex is elicited by stimulation of which sensitive tissues?
The gag reflex is a(n) ___________ effort, preceded by ____________ of respiration.
The gag reflex is a(n) ___________ effort, preceded by ____________ of respiration.
Which receptor placement is most likely to elicit the gag reflex?
Which receptor placement is most likely to elicit the gag reflex?
What is the suggested receptor placement sequence for a patient who is likely to gag?
What is the suggested receptor placement sequence for a patient who is likely to gag?
What can you do to prevent stimulating your patient's gag reflex?
What can you do to prevent stimulating your patient's gag reflex?
What should you do if your patient has a strong gag reflex and is gagging on maxillary anterior images?
What should you do if your patient has a strong gag reflex and is gagging on maxillary anterior images?
If your patient starts gagging when you have just placed the receptor for the maxillary right molar, what should you do?
If your patient starts gagging when you have just placed the receptor for the maxillary right molar, what should you do?
What can be done to reduce the risk of a gag reflex?
What can be done to reduce the risk of a gag reflex?
Which of the following suggestions are intended to help reduce the gag reflex?
Which of the following suggestions are intended to help reduce the gag reflex?
When taking images on a patient with a hearing disability, you should wear your mask because of infection control guidelines.
When taking images on a patient with a hearing disability, you should wear your mask because of infection control guidelines.
If a person is blind or visually impaired, how must the dental radiographer communicate?
If a person is blind or visually impaired, how must the dental radiographer communicate?
A developmental disability is a substantial impairment of mental or physical functioning that occurs before age ____ years and is of indefinite duration.
A developmental disability is a substantial impairment of mental or physical functioning that occurs before age ____ years and is of indefinite duration.
In treating children with a primary or transitional dentition, the bisecting technique is preferred, because the small size of the mouth precludes the placement of a receptor beyond the apical regions of the teeth.
In treating children with a primary or transitional dentition, the bisecting technique is preferred, because the small size of the mouth precludes the placement of a receptor beyond the apical regions of the teeth.
____________ periapical images can be used to examine the edentulous arches.
____________ periapical images can be used to examine the edentulous arches.
A size ____ receptor is typically used for the edentulous examination.
A size ____ receptor is typically used for the edentulous examination.
For a periapical examination in an edentulous patient, the receptor should be positioned so that approximately ____________ of it extends beyond the edentulous ridge.
For a periapical examination in an edentulous patient, the receptor should be positioned so that approximately ____________ of it extends beyond the edentulous ridge.
What technique would you use for a periapical examination on an edentulous patient with very little alveolar ridge remaining?
What technique would you use for a periapical examination on an edentulous patient with very little alveolar ridge remaining?
How many size 4 receptors and size 2 receptors does a mixed occlusal and periapical examination on an edentulous patient consist of?
How many size 4 receptors and size 2 receptors does a mixed occlusal and periapical examination on an edentulous patient consist of?
When preparing your patient for dental images, you should ask if she gags, need to do some additional preparation prior to taking the images.
When preparing your patient for dental images, you should ask if she gags, need to do some additional preparation prior to taking the images.
Advantages of panoramic receptors over intraoral periapical receptors include visualization of:
Advantages of panoramic receptors over intraoral periapical receptors include visualization of:
A panoramic image is __________ image(s) taken using __________ technique.
A panoramic image is __________ image(s) taken using __________ technique.
If the molars and premolars on the right side are larger than the teeth on the left side in a panoramic image, what patient positioning error did you make?
If the molars and premolars on the right side are larger than the teeth on the left side in a panoramic image, what patient positioning error did you make?
The panoramic image is the preferred image for the detection of caries and periodontal disease.
The panoramic image is the preferred image for the detection of caries and periodontal disease.
In panoramic imaging, the x-ray tube rotates around the patient's head in one direction while the receptor rotates in the same direction.
In panoramic imaging, the x-ray tube rotates around the patient's head in one direction while the receptor rotates in the same direction.
In panoramic imaging, the movement of the receptor and the tube head produces an image through the process known as:
In panoramic imaging, the movement of the receptor and the tube head produces an image through the process known as:
What is the term for the pivotal point around which the cassette carrier and x-ray tube head rotate?
What is the term for the pivotal point around which the cassette carrier and x-ray tube head rotate?
The rotational change in a panoramic machine allows the image layer to conform to the ___________ shape of the dental arches.
The rotational change in a panoramic machine allows the image layer to conform to the ___________ shape of the dental arches.
In panoramic imaging, the ___________ is a theoretical concept used to determine where the dental arches must be positioned to achieve the clearest image.
In panoramic imaging, the ___________ is a theoretical concept used to determine where the dental arches must be positioned to achieve the clearest image.
Structures are clearly demonstrated on a panoramic image in a _____________ zone.
Structures are clearly demonstrated on a panoramic image in a _____________ zone.
The closer the rotation center is to the teeth, the narrower the focal trough.
The closer the rotation center is to the teeth, the narrower the focal trough.
All panoramic units have the same focal trough size and shape.
All panoramic units have the same focal trough size and shape.
Which component in the panoramic x-ray machine tubehead is most different from that found in an intraoral x-ray machine tubehead?
Which component in the panoramic x-ray machine tubehead is most different from that found in an intraoral x-ray machine tubehead?
What is the function of the collimator used in the panoramic x-ray machine?
What is the function of the collimator used in the panoramic x-ray machine?
The collimator used in panoramic imaging has an opening in the shape of a _____________ slit.
The collimator used in panoramic imaging has an opening in the shape of a _____________ slit.
The vertical angulation in the tubehead of the panoramic unit:
The vertical angulation in the tubehead of the panoramic unit:
The tubehead of the panoramic unit always rotates _________ the patient's head as the receptor rotates _________ the patient.
The tubehead of the panoramic unit always rotates _________ the patient's head as the receptor rotates _________ the patient.
An anatomic structure that is located outside of the focal plane and close to the x-ray source can cast a ghost image on the panoramic image.
An anatomic structure that is located outside of the focal plane and close to the x-ray source can cast a ghost image on the panoramic image.
Panoramic screen film is exposed by:
Panoramic screen film is exposed by:
Green-sensitive film must be paired with intensifying screens that produce ________ light.
Green-sensitive film must be paired with intensifying screens that produce ________ light.
Rare earth screens emit _______ light and are considered faster than calcium tungstate screens, which emit _______ light.
Rare earth screens emit _______ light and are considered faster than calcium tungstate screens, which emit _______ light.
A cassette has ________ intensifying screen(s).
A cassette has ________ intensifying screen(s).
You should have your 75-year-old patient remove her partial dentures and her hearing aids before taking a panoramic image because ghost images occur that could cover diagnostic information on the panoramic image.
You should have your 75-year-old patient remove her partial dentures and her hearing aids before taking a panoramic image because ghost images occur that could cover diagnostic information on the panoramic image.
A ghost image appears ___________ than/of its actual counterpart.
A ghost image appears ___________ than/of its actual counterpart.
What do you need to do to correct the error of having two radiopaque areas in the bottom portion of a panoramic image?
What do you need to do to correct the error of having two radiopaque areas in the bottom portion of a panoramic image?
Digital imaging uses _________________ to produce an image.
Digital imaging uses _________________ to produce an image.
With digital imaging, the term ___________ is used to describe the pictures that are produced.
With digital imaging, the term ___________ is used to describe the pictures that are produced.
You explain to your patient that digital images require _________ exposure than the films she previously had taken. Exposure times are ________ than that required for conventional radiography.
You explain to your patient that digital images require _________ exposure than the films she previously had taken. Exposure times are ________ than that required for conventional radiography.
Most digital imaging systems use a ______________ as the x-radiation source.
Most digital imaging systems use a ______________ as the x-radiation source.
In order to be used for digital imaging, the x-ray unit timer must be adapted to allow exposures in a time frame of _______ of a second.
In order to be used for digital imaging, the x-ray unit timer must be adapted to allow exposures in a time frame of _______ of a second.
Digital sensors contain distinct units of programmable gray values that are sensitive to x-rays called
Digital sensors contain distinct units of programmable gray values that are sensitive to x-rays called
How many shades of gray can the human eye distinguish?
How many shades of gray can the human eye distinguish?
(1) When you are preparing the sensor to use on your patient, it would be best to cover the sensor with a finger cot and then put on the barrier sleeve. (2) When you are placing the digital sensor in your patient's mouth, you would use a different placement technique than you would normally use when placing a film.
(1) When you are preparing the sensor to use on your patient, it would be best to cover the sensor with a finger cot and then put on the barrier sleeve. (2) When you are placing the digital sensor in your patient's mouth, you would use a different placement technique than you would normally use when placing a film.
Storage phosphor imaging
Storage phosphor imaging
The images are cleared from the storage phosphor imaging plates by
The images are cleared from the storage phosphor imaging plates by
Your patient has asked why you prefer digital imaging to film. Which of the following reasons would you tell her?
Your patient has asked why you prefer digital imaging to film. Which of the following reasons would you tell her?
(1) A primary advantage to digital imaging is the superior gray-scale resolution that results. (2) Digital imaging uses up to 32 shades of gray.
(1) A primary advantage to digital imaging is the superior gray-scale resolution that results. (2) Digital imaging uses up to 32 shades of gray.
Conventional dental x-ray film has a resolution of ___________ lp/mm.
Conventional dental x-ray film has a resolution of ___________ lp/mm.
Sensors that cannot be sterilized
Sensors that cannot be sterilized
It is questionable whether digital images can be used as evidence in lawsuits, because
It is questionable whether digital images can be used as evidence in lawsuits, because
(1) Given that the human eye can resolve 8 to 10 lp/mm, a CCD system is inadequate for diagnosis of dental disease. (2) The majority of research has shown that the traditional radiographs perform at least as well as digital images and, at times, even better.
(1) Given that the human eye can resolve 8 to 10 lp/mm, a CCD system is inadequate for diagnosis of dental disease. (2) The majority of research has shown that the traditional radiographs perform at least as well as digital images and, at times, even better.
Advantages of the use of digital imaging include which of the following?
Advantages of the use of digital imaging include which of the following?
With the feature of _______________, the gray-scale of the diagnostic image is reversed so that radiolucent images appear white and radiopaque images appear black.
With the feature of _______________, the gray-scale of the diagnostic image is reversed so that radiolucent images appear white and radiopaque images appear black.
Which of the following would be a reason to switch from film to direct digital imaging?
Which of the following would be a reason to switch from film to direct digital imaging?
A sensor with a fiber optic cable linked to the computer is placed into the mouth of the patient and exposed to x-radiation. This is an example of
A sensor with a fiber optic cable linked to the computer is placed into the mouth of the patient and exposed to x-radiation. This is an example of
How does the CMOS detector differ from the CCD detector?
How does the CMOS detector differ from the CCD detector?
(1) All ionizing radiations cause damage to living tissues. (2) Although very little radiation is used in dentistry, damage to the cells does occur.
(1) All ionizing radiations cause damage to living tissues. (2) Although very little radiation is used in dentistry, damage to the cells does occur.
What specific mechanism of radiation injury may result in the formation of hydrogen peroxide when x-ray energy is absorbed by patients?
What specific mechanism of radiation injury may result in the formation of hydrogen peroxide when x-ray energy is absorbed by patients?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the direct theory of radiation injury?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the direct theory of radiation injury?
The indirect theory proposes that
The indirect theory proposes that
According to the dose-response curve, when dose and damage are plotted on a graph, a _____________________ relationship is seen.
According to the dose-response curve, when dose and damage are plotted on a graph, a _____________________ relationship is seen.
A nonthreshold dose-response curve suggests that
A nonthreshold dose-response curve suggests that
Stochastic biologic effects from radiation
Stochastic biologic effects from radiation
Which of the following is an example of stochastic effects?
Which of the following is an example of stochastic effects?
Your patient was out in the hot, bright sun yesterday. While in the sun, she began experiencing pain and noticed her skin had turned bright red. Shortly after arriving home, she began to experience chills, nausea, severe pain, and blistering. Why would your patient experience the symptoms so quickly?
Your patient was out in the hot, bright sun yesterday. While in the sun, she began experiencing pain and noticed her skin had turned bright red. Shortly after arriving home, she began to experience chills, nausea, severe pain, and blistering. Why would your patient experience the symptoms so quickly?
Cellular injuries following the latent period may include (1) cell death, (2) cessation of mitotic activity, and/or (3) abnormal mitotic activity.
Cellular injuries following the latent period may include (1) cell death, (2) cessation of mitotic activity, and/or (3) abnormal mitotic activity.
___________ refers to the total amount of radiation that is received or absorbed.
___________ refers to the total amount of radiation that is received or absorbed.
(1) More radiation damage takes place with high dose rates (2) because a rapid delivery of radiation does not allow time for cellular damage to be repaired.
(1) More radiation damage takes place with high dose rates (2) because a rapid delivery of radiation does not allow time for cellular damage to be repaired.
Which types of cells are more sensitive to radiation: (1) rapidly dividing, (2) slowly dividing, (3) young, and/or (4) old?
Which types of cells are more sensitive to radiation: (1) rapidly dividing, (2) slowly dividing, (3) young, and/or (4) old?
Which of the following is associated with long-term radiation effects?
Which of the following is associated with long-term radiation effects?
Which of the following is a sign or symptom of acute radiation syndrome (ARS)?
Which of the following is a sign or symptom of acute radiation syndrome (ARS)?
Which of the following statements is true of somatic effects of irradiation?
Which of the following statements is true of somatic effects of irradiation?
Which of the following cells would be the most sensitive to x-rays?
Which of the following cells would be the most sensitive to x-rays?
Which of the following is the least sensitive to x-rays?
Which of the following is the least sensitive to x-rays?
Precautions should be taken during dental imaging procedures to which of the following critical organs in the head and neck region?
Precautions should be taken during dental imaging procedures to which of the following critical organs in the head and neck region?
The traditional unit of dose is called
The traditional unit of dose is called
One gray is equivalent to ______ rad(s).
One gray is equivalent to ______ rad(s).
The SI equivalent of the rem is
The SI equivalent of the rem is
You could be exposed to each of these radiation sources in your daily activities. Which of these sources is human-made?
You could be exposed to each of these radiation sources in your daily activities. Which of these sources is human-made?
Uranium is an example of __________ radiation.
Uranium is an example of __________ radiation.
________________ is/are the single largest contributor to artificial radiation exposure (0.00053 Sv/year).
________________ is/are the single largest contributor to artificial radiation exposure (0.00053 Sv/year).
Which of the following statements is true of the average dose of background radiation received by an individual in the United States?
Which of the following statements is true of the average dose of background radiation received by an individual in the United States?
The potential risk of dental radiography inducing a fatal cancer in an individual is about _________ the risk of a person developing cancer spontaneously.
The potential risk of dental radiography inducing a fatal cancer in an individual is about _________ the risk of a person developing cancer spontaneously.
A 1 in 1 million risk of a fatal outcome is associated with which of the following activities?
A 1 in 1 million risk of a fatal outcome is associated with which of the following activities?
Risk estimates suggest (1) that death is more likely to occur from common activities than from dental imaging procedures and (2) that cancer is much more likely to be unrelated to dental imaging radiation exposure.
Risk estimates suggest (1) that death is more likely to occur from common activities than from dental imaging procedures and (2) that cancer is much more likely to be unrelated to dental imaging radiation exposure.
The use of F-speed film instead of D-speed film reduces the absorbed dose by ____%.
The use of F-speed film instead of D-speed film reduces the absorbed dose by ____%.
Your patient is concerned about radiation exposure. Which of the following explanations would you give to your patient to help calm her concerns?
Your patient is concerned about radiation exposure. Which of the following explanations would you give to your patient to help calm her concerns?
Flashcards
What is digital imaging in radiology?
What is digital imaging in radiology?
Digital imaging utilizes an electronic sensor and computerized imaging system to produce images.
What is the advantage of digital imaging in terms of radiation?
What is the advantage of digital imaging in terms of radiation?
Digital images require 50% to 90% less exposure compared to conventional film.
What equipment is used for digital imaging?
What equipment is used for digital imaging?
Most digital imaging systems operate using a conventional dental x-ray unit.
What is the requirement for the x-ray unit timer in digital imaging?
What is the requirement for the x-ray unit timer in digital imaging?
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What is the key component of digital sensors?
What is the key component of digital sensors?
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What is the limitation of the human eye in image interpretation?
What is the limitation of the human eye in image interpretation?
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What is digital subtraction used for?
What is digital subtraction used for?
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How does direct digital imaging work?
How does direct digital imaging work?
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What is a concern about ionizing radiation?
What is a concern about ionizing radiation?
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What is the estimated risk of developing cancer from dental radiographs?
What is the estimated risk of developing cancer from dental radiographs?
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How does radiation damage living tissues?
How does radiation damage living tissues?
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What are the two types of radiation effects?
What are the two types of radiation effects?
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What type of cells are most sensitive to radiation?
What type of cells are most sensitive to radiation?
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What safety measures are taken during dental imaging?
What safety measures are taken during dental imaging?
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What is a legal concern regarding digital images?
What is a legal concern regarding digital images?
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What type of film minimizes radiation exposure?
What type of film minimizes radiation exposure?
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What combination minimizes radiation dose?
What combination minimizes radiation dose?
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What is the main source of artificial radiation exposure?
What is the main source of artificial radiation exposure?
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What is important when communicating with patients about digital imaging?
What is important when communicating with patients about digital imaging?
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How can you address patient concerns about radiation?
How can you address patient concerns about radiation?
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Which teeth are important for specific receptor placement?
Which teeth are important for specific receptor placement?
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What is the recommended sequence for receptor placement to minimize gagging?
What is the recommended sequence for receptor placement to minimize gagging?
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What technique can help prevent gagging?
What technique can help prevent gagging?
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What is a solution for patients with a strong gag reflex?
What is a solution for patients with a strong gag reflex?
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What should you do if a patient starts gagging during exposure?
What should you do if a patient starts gagging during exposure?
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What can help reduce a gag reflex?
What can help reduce a gag reflex?
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What is important when communicating with patients with disabilities?
What is important when communicating with patients with disabilities?
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What is the defining characteristic of developmental disabilities?
What is the defining characteristic of developmental disabilities?
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What technique is used for receptor placement in children with small mouths?
What technique is used for receptor placement in children with small mouths?
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How many periapical images are needed to assess edentulous arches?
How many periapical images are needed to assess edentulous arches?
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What technique is used for periapical examinations in edentulous patients with minimal bone?
What technique is used for periapical examinations in edentulous patients with minimal bone?
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What receptors are used for a mixed examination of edentulous patients?
What receptors are used for a mixed examination of edentulous patients?
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What is an advantage of panoramic imaging?
What is an advantage of panoramic imaging?
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How is a panoramic image captured?
How is a panoramic image captured?
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What is the role of the rotation center in panoramic imaging?
What is the role of the rotation center in panoramic imaging?
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What is the importance of the focal trough?
What is the importance of the focal trough?
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What is the difference between panoramic and intraoral collimators?
What is the difference between panoramic and intraoral collimators?
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What is the purpose of vertical angulation in panoramic imaging?
What is the purpose of vertical angulation in panoramic imaging?
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What are ghost images in panoramic imaging?
What are ghost images in panoramic imaging?
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What helps expose panoramic screen film?
What helps expose panoramic screen film?
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What types of screens are used with panoramic imaging?
What types of screens are used with panoramic imaging?
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What should patients remove before panoramic imaging?
What should patients remove before panoramic imaging?
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What is a precaution to avoid ghost images?
What is a precaution to avoid ghost images?
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What may indicate the need for a different lead apron?
What may indicate the need for a different lead apron?
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Why is proper patient positioning important in panoramic imaging?
Why is proper patient positioning important in panoramic imaging?
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Study Notes
Digital Imaging in Radiology
- Digital imaging utilizes an electronic sensor and computerized imaging system to produce images.
- The output from digital imaging is referred to as an "image" instead of traditional terms like radiograph or x-ray film.
- Digital images require 50% to 90% less exposure compared to conventional film.
Equipment and Technology
- Most digital imaging systems operate using a conventional dental x-ray unit.
- The x-ray unit timer must be adapted for exposures of at least 1/100 of a second for optimal use with digital sensors.
- Digital sensors consist of pixels that capture and store gray values, optimizing image quality.
Image Quality and Clinical Applications
- The human eye can distinguish up to 32 shades of gray, providing limitations in detail perception.
- Digital subtraction can reverse gray-scale images, ensuring radiolucent areas appear white and radiopaque areas appear black.
- Direct digital imaging employs a CCD camera where a sensor links fiber optic cables to a computer for immediate image capture.
Radiation Safety and Exposure
- Ionizing radiation can damage living tissues; all forms of radiation, including those used in dentistry, pose some risks.
- Stochastic effects of radiation, such as cancer, are related to exposure without a dose threshold, indicating that any level can be harmful.
- The potential risk of inducing fatal cancer from dental radiography is around 1 in 1,000.
Radiobiology Principles
- Damage from radiation can occur through direct contact or through free radical formation, especially when water molecules are ionized.
- There is a distinction between somatic effects (not inherited) and genetic effects (transmitted generations).
- Cells that divide rapidly, such as blood cells, are more sensitive to radiation exposure than those that divide slowly.
Precautionary Measures and Legal Implications
- Precautions during dental imaging procedures target sensitive areas like the skin, thyroid gland, and lens of the eye to minimize exposure risks.
- The original digital images can be enhanced, which raises concerns about their admissibility as legal evidence compared to traditional film.
Clinical Best Practices
- Using F-speed film reduces radiation exposure by approximately 60% compared to D-speed film.
- Rectangular collimation combined with a digital sensor provides the lowest absorbed dose during dental radiographs.
- Medical radiation represents the most significant source of artificial radiation exposure annually.
Patient Communication and Education
- It's essential to communicate clearly with patients about the necessity, safety, and minimized exposure associated with digital imaging techniques.
- Educating patients about the comparative risks of dental imaging versus everyday activities can alleviate concerns about radiation exposure.### Maxillary Molars and Gag Reflex Management
- Maxillary molars are key teeth in dentistry, often involved in procedures requiring specific receptor placements.
- The suggested sequence for receptor placement to minimize gag reflex is anterior, premolar, then molar (1, 2, 3).
- To prevent gagging during receptor placement, techniques include letting the patient feel the receptor placement with a finger.
Gag Reflex Strategies
- In cases where patients have a strong gag reflex and struggle with maxillary anterior images, taking panoramic images can provide diagnostic information while avoiding gagging.
- If a patient begins to gag while exposing a maxillary right molar receptor, it is best to remove the receptor quickly.
- Offering a cup of ice water may help reduce tactile stimuli, which could trigger a gag reflex.
Patient Interaction and Disabilities
- Effective communication is essential for patients with sensory impairments; verbal explanations are needed for those who are blind or visually impaired.
- Developmental disabilities involve significant impairment occurring before the age of 22.
- In treating children with limited mouth space, the bisecting technique is preferred for receptor placement.
Edentulous Imaging Techniques
- Fourteen periapical images can assess edentulous arches, usually utilizing size 2 receptors.
- For periapical examinations in edentulous patients with minimal alveolar ridge, the bisecting technique is the recommended approach.
- A mixed examination of edentulous patients involves two size 4 receptors and four size 2 receptors.
Panoramic Imaging Advantages
- Panoramic imaging is better for visualizing impacted teeth, jaw fractures, and large lesions in comparison to intraoral periapical receptors.
- The panoramic image is captured as a single extraoral image, while the x-ray tube rotates in one direction, and the receptor rotates in the opposite direction.
Technical Aspects of Panoramic Imaging
- The rotation center defines the axis around which imaging components rotate, creating an elliptical focal trough that aids in achieving clearer images.
- The concept of a focal trough determines where dental arches should be positioned for optimal imaging clarity.
Collimator Function and Parameters
- Panoramic collimators have a narrow vertical opening to restrict the x-ray beam size and shape, differentiating them from intraoral designs.
- Vertical angulation is fixed to direct the x-ray beam slightly upward, ensuring proper angles for capturing images.
- Ghost images can appear due to structures outside the focal plane, affecting the clarity of the resulting panoramic images.
Film and Screen Information
- The exposure of panoramic screen film is facilitated by intensifying screens within cassette holders.
- Green-sensitive film requires compatibility with green-emitting screens, while rare earth screens are faster than calcium tungstate screens due to their light emissions.
Handling and Preparation for Panoramic Imaging
- Ghost images from partial dentures or hearing aids may obscure diagnostic data; patients should remove these items before imaging.
- A lead apron used without a thyroid collar can help mitigate ghost imaging errors.
Common Errors and Solutions
- The presence of two radi opaque areas in a panoramic image may necessitate the use of a different type of lead apron.
- Proper patient positioning is critical; turning the head inaccurately can result in asymmetrical tooth sizes in the final image.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of radiology concepts with these flashcards covering Chapters 22 to 25. Each card presents a question related to digital imaging technology and its applications. Perfect for students of radiology looking to enhance their understanding of the subject.
