Radiology Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Fluoroscopy uses a continuous stream of x-rays to view the movement of __________ in real time.

organs/structures

Mammography is a radiographic examination of the __________.

breast

Thyroid collar protects the radiosensitive tissues of the __________ gland.

thyroid

The __________ beam is produced by bombarding a tungsten target with an electron beam within an x-ray tube.

<p>X-ray</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hereditary effects and cancer incidence are examples of __________ effects.

<p>stochastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

A radiation dosimeter badge does not __________ the worker from radiation.

<p>protect</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ is usually the study of first choice in imaging the female pelvis and in pediatric patients.

<p>Ultrasonography (US)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plain radiographs can detect early infiltrative changes in the marrow space.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

"Schwannoma" is the preferred term because pathologically these tumors are composed of Schwann cells.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left lung is divided into upper and lower lobes by the left minor fissure.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

On conventional radiographs, the most reliable finding of COPD is hyperinflation.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Palpable mammary mass is revealed as anechoic structure with distinct, regular borders and posterior enhancement. This structure most likely is __________.

<p>breast simple cyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

Posteroanterior and __________ chest radiographs are the mainstays of thoracic imaging.

<p>lateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left lung is divided into upper and lower lobes by the left __________ fissure.

<p>major</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is a triangular-shaped gland consisting of lymphoid tissue and is located in the superior portion of the mediastinum inferior to the manubrium?

<p>thymus gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mediastinal lymphadenopathy in Hodgkin disease is usually __________ and asymmetric.

<p>bilateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

The most common variety of __________ is cystic, producing a well-marginated mass near the origin of the great vessels that characteristically contains fat, cartilage, and possibly bone on CT examination.

<p>teratoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of neurogenic tumor?

<p>posterior mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What masses lie in the anterior mediastinum?

<p>substernal thyroid masses, lymphoma, thymoma, teratoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correct about benign solitary pulmonary nodule?

<p>Lesions containing central, laminar, or diffuse patterns of calcification are invariably benign.</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ is an indication that the patient is in an episode of acute cholecystitis.

<p>Pericholecystic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pathological condition is characterized by submucosal edema with ulcerations involving a thickened segment of distal ileum?

<p>Crohn's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging modality is commonly accepted as the best primary diagnostic imaging test for acute cholecystitis?

<p>Ultrasonography</p> Signup and view all the answers

CT scan for blunt abdominal trauma should be performed with only oral contrast.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

MRI is very specific for distinguishing hepatic hemangioma from other hepatic tumors.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

An abdominal CT is a sensitive test in confirmed cases of pancreatitis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pancreas may be a difficult organ to image with US. Vascular landmarks are the key to its identification.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ultrasound is the modality of choice to diagnose gallstones.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acoustic shadowing is produced by nearly complete absorption or reflection of the US beam, obscuring deeper tissue structures.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acoustic enhancement is produced by gallstones, urinary tract stones, bone, metallic objects, and gas bubbles.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The name of the area anterior to the right kidney and posterior to the right lobe of the liver is __________.

<p>Morison's pouch</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a clinical sign of renal disease?

<p>jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hypertrophied column of Bertin?

<p>renal variant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare the echogenicities of the following structures and place them in increasing echogenic order. Answer:

<p>renal parenchyma &lt; liver &lt; spleen &lt; pancreas &lt; renal sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

A renal sonogram is performed and an echogenic well-defined mass is identified in the renal cortex. This is characteristic of which of the following?

<p>angiomyolipoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adult polycystic disease may be characterized by all of the following except:

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the sonographic pattern that best describes hydronephrosis.

<p>fluid-filled pelvocaliceal collecting system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pyramid-shaped muscular organ that rests on the pelvic floor immediately posterior to the symphysis pubis?

<p>bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correct about renal cell carcinoma?

<p>Even though renal cell carcinomas enhance with intravenous contrast, they still tend to remain lower in density than the surrounding normal kidney.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Another name for uterine leiomyoma is:

<p>Fibroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fibroid found just beneath the endometrium.

<p>Submucosal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is usually the primary imaging technique used in the diagnosis of leiomyomas?

<p>Ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correct about dermoid cyst?

<p>Incidental benign finding on exam and ultrasound. Asymptomatic, unilateral cystic adnexal mass. May consist of cartilage, bone, and teeth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correct about ectopic pregnancy?

<p>The quantitative serum hormone of human chorionic gonadotropin (βHCG) is increasing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correct about kidneys ultrasound?

<p>The renal parenchyma has uniformly low echogenicity, which is usually less or equal to that of the adjacent liver and spleen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the urinary tract has a poor view during the renal ultrasound?

<p>Ureters</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ultrasound waves are predominately blocked by bone.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gallstones can occur in children.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cardiomegaly is an important indicator of cardiac disease in children and often accompanies congenital heart disease.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of small bowel gas on abdominal radiographs in a 3-day old is abnormal and indicates a bowel obstruction.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abdominal radiographs generally show nonspecific findings in children with nonperforated appendicitis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are branches of the celiac artery?

<p>splenic, left gastric, and common hepatic arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

The common bile duct is joined by the pancreatic duct as they enter the __________.

<p>second portion of the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would not be used for confirmation of inferior vena cava thrombosis?

<p>contrast angiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

The portal vein is formed by the confluence of which of the following veins?

<p>hepatic and superior mesenteric veins; superior mesenteric and splenic veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

The portal vein travels throughout the liver with the __________.

<p>hepatic artery and common bile duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

Administration of contrast agents for radiographic demonstration of the spinal canal is performed by which of the following parenteral routes?

<p>Intravenous; Intrathecal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traumatic pathological processes within the abdominal cavity presents with attenuation values within 20 HU of the aorta and is a life-threatening situation?

<p>hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient who has blunt trauma to the abdomen earlier in the day presents with left upper-quadrant pain and a decrease in hematocrit. An echogenic mass is seen in the spleen. What is this consistent with?

<p>hematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathological processes has an attenuation value of near water and accumulates in the greater peritoneal space?

<p>ascites</p> Signup and view all the answers

When scanning a 22-year-old patient to rule out cholelithiasis, a single echogenic lesion is seen within the liver. What is this most characteristic of?

<p>a hepatic cyst; a cavernous hemangioma</p> Signup and view all the answers

A gallbladder sonographic examination is performed, and a small gallbladder with intrahepatic dilatation is seen. This may indicate that the level of obstruction is at the level of which of the following?

<p>common hepatic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following diseases is classically manifested by four key radiological findings: fluid in the fissures, peribronchial cuffing, pleural effusions, kerley B lines?

<p>pulmonary interstitial edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two characteristics are most helpful to establish concordance between a lesion seen on ultrasound and mammography?

<p>size and location</p> Signup and view all the answers

The stomach usually does not contain gas.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Rigler's sign?

<p>Air on both sides of the bowel wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

When 2 points of the same loop of bowel are obstructed at a single location, it is called __________.

<p>closed-loop obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correct about normal bowel gas pattern?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

US examinations are performed by applying the US transducer directly onto the patient's skin using a water-soluble __________ as a coupling agent to ensure good contact and transmission of the US beam.

<p>coupling gel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oral or rectal contrast is generally required to opacify the __________ for CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis.

<p>GI tract/bowel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Imaging Techniques and Their Applications

  • Fluoroscopy utilizes a continuous stream of X-rays to view the movement of organs and structures in real-time.
  • Mammography is a radiographic examination specifically used for the breast.
  • Ultrasonography (US) is the primary imaging study for the female pelvis and pediatric patients.
  • X-ray beams are generated by bombarding a tungsten target with an electron beam in an X-ray tube.

Radiation and Dosimetry

  • Thyroid collars are used to protect radiosensitive tissues of the thyroid gland.
  • Radiation dosimeter badges are for monitoring exposure but do not provide protection from radiation.

Pathological Conditions

  • Stochastic effects include hereditary effects and cancer incidence.
  • Crohn's disease is characterized by submucosal edema with ulcerations in the distal ileum.
  • Adult polycystic kidney disease is identified by large, cystic kidneys rather than small and echogenic ones.

Imaging in Specific Conditions

  • The presence of pericholecystic fluid is indicative of acute cholecystitis.
  • The most reliable finding of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is hyperinflation on conventional radiographs.
  • Pulmonary interstitial edema is characterized by key radiological findings such as fluid in the fissures and peribronchial cuffing.

Normal Anatomical Features

  • The left lung consists of upper and lower lobes, separated by the left major fissure.
  • The thymus gland, a triangular-shaped lymphoid tissue, is found in the superior mediastinum.

Diagnostic Findings

  • The characteristic meniscoid appearance of pleural fluid layers is noted in axial scans.
  • In MRI, hydrogen atoms store potential energy utilized for imaging.
  • Echogenic density is assessed relative to fat; a renal mass with high echogenicity typically indicates angiomyolipoma.

Common Diagnoses and Treatments

  • The gold standard for detecting coronary artery stenosis is coronary angiography.
  • Transesophageal echocardiography provides high-resolution images to evaluate cardiac conditions.
  • The presence of urinary tract stones typically appears as bright echogenic foci on ultrasound.

Sonographic Techniques

  • Linear transducers are preferred for breast sonography, while color Doppler is used to assess renal vascularity and detect ureteral jets.
  • Transrectal ultrasound of the prostate is primarily indicated for guiding biopsy procedures.

General Knowledge

  • The appendix is a blind-ended tube, typically 9 to 10 mm in diameter.
  • The normal cardiothoracic ratio for adults is less than 50%.
  • Barium Sulfate is utilized as an opaque contrast agent in fluoroscopy for gastrointestinal tract studies.

Anatomical Relationships

  • The common bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum at the ampulla of Vater, while the left lung's upper lobe and lower lobe are divided by the left major fissure.

These notes summarize key topics related to imaging techniques, radiation, pathology, anatomy, diagnostics, and sonographic practices, providing a comprehensive overview for study purposes.### Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

  • Diagnosed using echocardiography or MRI of the heart.
  • Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) is observable in these imaging techniques.

Stomach Gas Contention

  • The stomach usually does not contain gas is a false statement.

Hilum of the Lungs

  • The medial side near the center of both lungs is referred to as the hilum.
  • Bronchi, veins, and arteries enter and exit the lungs in this region adjacent to the heart.

Posterior Ribs Visibility

  • Seeing 10 posterior ribs on an X-ray indicates adequate inspiration during the imaging process.

X-ray Overpenetration

  • Overpenetration can lead to a misdiagnosis of pneumothorax.

Chest X-ray Magnification

  • Magnification can cause the heart to appear larger on an X-ray, especially in AP films.

Types of Chest X-rays

  • Portable chest X-rays are almost exclusively taken in the anteroposterior (AP) view.

Heart Borders on X-ray

  • The left border of the heart on X-ray is formed by the left ventricle.
  • The right border is formed by the right atrium.

Standard Chest Radiograph

  • A standard frontal chest radiograph is referred to as a PA (posteroanterior) view.

Retrosternal Clear Space

  • A relatively lucent crescent is typically visible just behind the sternum and anterior to the ascending aorta's shadow.

Ribs Visibility on Frontal X-rays

  • Posterior ribs are more prominent to the viewer on frontal chest radiographs.

Anatomical Structures in Lateral Projections

  • The cardiac apex is the most anteriorly positioned structure in a lateral chest projection.

Differentiation of Pulmonary Vessels

  • Accurate differentiation between pulmonary arteries and veins is possible on a chest CT scan, but not on a chest X-ray.

Airspace Disease Characteristics

  • Airspace disease is characterized by fluffy, confluent densities that are indistinctly marginated.

Interstitial Lung Disease Characteristics

  • Features discrete "particles" or "packets" appearing as lines and dots in a pattern on imaging.

Concordance in Breast Imaging

  • Size and location are the two critical characteristics for establishing concordance between lesions observed on ultrasound and mammography.

Breast Lesion Shape

  • The term "oblong" is not an appropriate descriptor for breast lesion shape.

Indications for Breast Ultrasound

  • Prior preference for a breast ultrasound over a mammogram is not a valid indication for the procedure.

Rigler's Sign

  • Rigler's sign is identified as the presence of air on both sides of the bowel wall.

Closed-loop Obstruction

  • A situation where two points of the same bowel loop are obstructed at a single location is termed closed-loop obstruction.

Normal Bowel Gas Pattern

  • Normal bowel gas patterns indicate that dilatation of the bowel is typical and there is almost always air present in the rectum or sigmoid colon.

Ultrasound Examinations

  • Ultrasound examinations utilize a coupling gel to ensure good contact and transmission of the ultrasound beam by placing the transducer directly on the patient’s skin.

Contrast Requirement for CT Scans

  • Oral or rectal contrast is generally necessary to opacify the GI tract/bowel for abdominal and pelvic CT scans.

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