Radiography Basics Quiz
139 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe the position of the body when lying on its back?

  • Dorsal Decubitus (correct)
  • Lateral Decubitus
  • Prone
  • Supine

    • Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts?

  • Sagittal Plane
  • Oblique Plane
  • Transverse Plane (correct)
  • Coronal Plane

    • Which motion describes moving a limb away from the midline of the body?

  • Adduction
  • Supination
  • Abduction (correct)
  • Pronation

    • What is the function of the collimator on a radiographic tube assembly?

    <p>To narrow the radiation field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the central ray (CR) in radiography?

    <p>The main pathway of the X-ray beam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an oblique plane?

    <p>A slanting plane that is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the primary body planes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?

    <p>Horizontal (Axial) Plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the base plane of the skull?

    <p>Frankfort Horizontal Plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane is formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth?

    <p>Occlusal Plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the back half of the patient?

    <p>Dorsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In anatomical terms, what does 'plantar' refer to?

    <p>Sole of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'dorsum manus' indicate?

    <p>Back of the hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the term 'anterior'?

    <p>Refers to the front half of the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the surface of the foot referred to as 'dorsal'?

    <p>Top surface or anterior surface of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the term 'palmar'?

    <p>Refers to the palm of the hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does elevation refer to in anatomical terms?

    <p>A lifting or moving of a part superiorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes depression in anatomical movement?

    <p>A lowering or moving of a part inferiorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of circumduction?

    <p>Moving around in a circular path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the movement that turns or rotates a body part around its own axis?

    <p>Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In anatomical terminology, what does proximal mean?

    <p>Closer to the trunk or source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the term distal in anatomical positioning?

    <p>Farther from the source or beginning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding medial and lateral movements?

    <p>Medial is toward the median plane, lateral is away from it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the tilting movement in anatomical terms?

    <p>A slanting movement with respect to the long axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?

    <p>Produce hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of bones in the adult axial skeleton?

    <p>80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle type is responsible for voluntary movement?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary function of the nervous system?

    <p>Coordinate voluntary and involuntary activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bones make up the adult appendicular skeleton?

    <p>126</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is NOT part of the digestive system?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the skeletal system provides support and protection for soft tissues?

    <p>Axial skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

    <p>Supply oxygen to the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glands are NOT considered part of the endocrine system?

    <p>Salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is part of the urinary system?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lymphatic system within the circulatory system?

    <p>Protect against disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

    <p>Coronal plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the four functions of the urinary system?

    <p>Maintain acid-base balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is found in the heart?

    <p>Cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum number of projections typically required for viewing joints in the area of interest?

    <p>Three projections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which projections generally require only two views?

    <p>Forearm and Humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In viewing radiographs, how should AP (PA) projections be displayed?

    <p>With the patient's left side to the viewer's right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding small oblique chip fractures?

    <p>They can be missed on AP and lateral views alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the evaluation criteria for taking optimal radiographs include?

    <p>Anatomy demonstrated and exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary controlling factor for motion during exposure?

    <p>Exposure time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are axial images typically viewed?

    <p>With the patient's right to the viewer's left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ALARA principle related to radiography?

    <p>Minimizing radiation exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which of the following procedures is proper collimation particularly important?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When assessing the positioning of a patient for a radiograph, which factor is NOT typically considered?

    <p>Use of contrast agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which view is typically oriented so that the viewer sees the image from the same perspective as the tube in lateral positions?

    <p>Oblique view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key evaluation component for achieving optimal exposure during radiography?

    <p>kVp, mA, and time settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For transverse or axial sections in imaging, what direction do these sections run?

    <p>At right angles to the body parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which radiographic projection typically requires the patient to be in the anatomic position facing the viewer?

    <p>PA projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of performing erect chest radiographs?

    <p>To facilitate evaluation of air-fluid levels in the thorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes does the right lung typically have?

    <p>Three lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure acts as the main pathway between the trachea and the lungs?

    <p>Bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of performing chest radiography at a distance of 72 inches?

    <p>To minimize radiation exposure to the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are specifically identified as being located within the hilum of the lung?

    <p>Bronchi and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes the thoracic viscera?

    <p>Lungs and remaining thoracic organs in the mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT part of the bony thorax?

    <p>Pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary muscle of inspiration?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the landmarks of the bony thorax?

    <p>The sternal angle corresponds with the level of T4/T5.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of ribs are present in the human bony thorax?

    <p>12 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mediastinum within the thorax?

    <p>To act as a space for thoracic organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the pharynx includes the auditory tube?

    <p>Nasopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are primarily located in the mediastinum?

    <p>Thymus gland and heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vessels is NOT typically associated with the posterior mediastinum?

    <p>Coronary vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct structure that forms the bifurcation of the trachea?

    <p>Carina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of chest anatomy, what does the term 'hilum' refer to?

    <p>The entry point for the bronchi and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical landmark can be identified between the lungs in a chest x-ray?

    <p>Mediastinum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is located posterior to the larynx and trachea?

    <p>Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cartilage structure is known for being a ring that forms the inferior and posterior wall of the larynx?

    <p>Cricoid Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epiglottis?

    <p>To cover the trachea during swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many secondary bronchi does the right main stem bronchus divide into?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the right primary bronchus compared to the left?

    <p>It is wider and shorter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is located inferior to the thyroid gland and plays an essential role in the immune system?

    <p>Thymus Gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the anterior wall of the larynx?

    <p>Thyroid Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the trachea serve?

    <p>Connect the larynx to the bronchi tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rings are embedded in the anterior wall of the trachea?

    <p>C-shaped cartilage rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is known for storing and releasing hormones that regulate growth and metabolism?

    <p>Thyroid Gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for sound production?

    <p>Vocal Cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of the parathyroid glands?

    <p>Increase blood calcium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which levels of the spine does the trachea extend?

    <p>C6 to T4/T5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the position of the thymus gland?

    <p>Inferior to the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the smaller branches of the secondary bronchi called?

    <p>Terminal Bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many alveoli are estimated to be present in the lungs?

    <p>500-700 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the pleura is the outer layer?

    <p>Parietal pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pleural cavity?

    <p>To allow for movement during breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung has a larger number of lobes?

    <p>Right Lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes the hilum of the lungs?

    <p>A region where bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter/leave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the apex of the lung?

    <p>The rounded upper area above the clavicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition refers to the collection of air in the pleural cavity?

    <p>Pneumothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of alveoli in the lungs?

    <p>To facilitate gas exchange between blood and air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the lung rests on the diaphragm?

    <p>Base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes are present in each lung?

    <p>Three lobes in each lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for performing erect chest radiographs?

    <p>To allow air-fluid levels to be seen clearly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is located within the mediastinum?

    <p>Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended distance for obtaining chest radiography?

    <p>72 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system does the trachea primarily connect?

    <p>Throat to lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the bony thorax?

    <p>To provide a protective framework for the respiratory and circulatory systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are included as part of the bony thorax?

    <p>Clavicles, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system primarily aids in inhalation?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pharynx within the upper airway?

    <p>To connect the nasal cavity and oral cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What level does the sternal angle correspond to in terms of vertebral anatomy?

    <p>T4/T5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of ribs are present in the human body?

    <p>12 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is known as the lowest portion of the sternum?

    <p>Xiphoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four parts of the respiratory system responsible for gaseous exchange?

    <p>Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT included in the contents of the mediastinum?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the roles of the thoracic duct within the mediastinum?

    <p>Drain lymph fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure is primarily responsible for the oxygen exchange in the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position of the lung is indicated by the term 'apex'?

    <p>The uppermost portion of the lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not typically visualized in a chest x-ray?

    <p>Lumbar spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary role does the larynx serve in the human body?

    <p>Organ of voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure covers the trachea during swallowing?

    <p>Epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many secondary bronchi does the left primary bronchus divide into?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the trachea primarily connect?

    <p>Larynx to bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the parathyroid glands?

    <p>Increase calcium levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature is primarily associated with the anterior projection of the larynx?

    <p>Adam's apple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the thymus gland?

    <p>Develop the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is located posterior to the larynx?

    <p>Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents the trachea from collapsing during expiration?

    <p>C-shaped rings of cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of air passing between the vocal cords?

    <p>Sound production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which vertebral levels does the trachea extend from and divide into bronchi?

    <p>C6 to T4/T5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is primarily responsible for the storage and release of hormones that regulate metabolism?

    <p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the anatomy of the right primary bronchus?

    <p>Shorter and wider than the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the aorta?

    <p>To supply oxygenated blood to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coronary arteries supply blood to which parts of the heart?

    <p>The heart muscle as a whole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein is responsible for returning blood from the upper half of the body to the heart?

    <p>Superior Vena Cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure initiates the electrical conductivity of the heart?

    <p>SA node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main branches off the aortic arch?

    <p>Brachiocephalic, Left Common Carotid, and Left Subclavian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the thoracic duct enter the thorax?

    <p>Through the aortic hiatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'chyle' refers to which of the following?

    <p>A mixture of lymph and fat droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the right coronary artery?

    <p>Supplies blood to the right atrium and ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the azygos vein?

    <p>To drain blood from the thoracic wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical position does the heart primarily occupy in the mediastinum?

    <p>2/3 to the left of the median plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can cause the enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes?

    <p>Infections, cancer, and inflammatory diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the heart does blood flow after passing through the tricuspid valve?

    <p>Right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood is returned to the heart by the pulmonary veins?

    <p>Oxygenated blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what vertebral level does the azygos vein enter the superior vena cava?

    <p>Thoracic vertebra 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Body Movements

    • Elevation is the movement of a body part or a limb superiorly (upward)
    • Depression is the movement of a body part or a limb inferiorly (downward)
    • Circumduction is the movement of a body part in a circular path

    Rotation vs Tilt

    • Rotation is the turning or spinning of a body part around its axis
    • Tilt involves slanting or tilting a body part with respect to its long axis

    Relationship Terms

    • Medial refers to the middle or center, towards the median plane
    • Lateral refers to away from the center or median plane
    • Proximal refers to the area near the origin or beginning of a structure. For upper and lower limbs, proximal refers to the area closer to the trunk.
    • Distal refers to the area away from the origin or the beginning of a structure. For upper and lower limbs, distal refers to the area farther from the trunk.

    Radiographic Projections

    • Minimum of three projections are required when joints are in the area of interest (e.g., fingers, toes, hand, wrist, ankle, foot, knee).
    • The minimum number of projections for other areas, such as the forearm, humerus, femur, hips, tibia-fibula, and chest is two.

    Viewing Radiographs

    • General rule for viewing radiographs: the patient should be facing the viewer in the anatomic position
    • AP (PA) Projections: The image should be displayed so that the patient is facing the viewer, with the patient's left on the viewer's right.
    • Lateral Positions: The image should be placed so that the viewer is seeing the image from the same perspective as the x-ray tube.
    • PA (AP) Oblique Projections: The same rule as PA or AP (patient's right to viewer's left).
    • Decubitus Chest and Abdomen Projections: Viewed generally as the x-ray tube sees them.

    Evaluation Criteria

    • Goal: Take optimal radiographs that can be evaluated by a defined standard.
    • Evaluation Criteria Format:
      • Anatomy demonstrated
      • Position (4 issues): body placement in relation to IR, positioning factors, correct centering of anatomy, and collimation.
      • Exposure: Evaluation of technique (kVp, mA, and time) and no motion

    Viewing CT and MRI Scans

    • Viewing CT images - Axial images, patient's right is to the viewer's left
    • Viewing MRI images - Coronal and sagittal images

    Sectional Images CT and MRI

    • Longitudinal Sections: Run lengthwise along the long axis of the body or any of its parts (e.g., sagittal, coronal, and oblique).
    • Transverse or Axial Sections (Cross-Sections): At right angles along any point of the longitudinal axis of the body or its parts.

    ALARA Principle

    • ALARA stands for: As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
    • Three principles for achieving ALARA:
      • Time: Minimize the exposure time
      • Distance: Maximize the distance from the radiation source
      • Shielding: Use appropriate shielding to protect from radiation

    Bony Thorax

    • Provides a protective framework for the organs involved in breathing and blood circulation
    • Includes:
      • Sternum
      • Clavicles (2)
      • Scapulae (2)
      • Ribs (12 pairs)
      • Thoracic Vertebrae (12)

    Landmarks

    • Vertebra prominens (C7 spinous process): Level of T1 body
    • Jugular notch (Manubrial or suprasternal notch): Level of T2/T3
    • Sternal Angle: Level of T4/T5
    • Xiphoid process (Ensiform): Level of T9/T10

    Respiratory System

    • The purpose is the exchange of gases between air and blood
    • Composed of four parts:
      • Pharynx
      • Trachea
      • Bronchi
      • Lungs
    • The diaphragm is the primary muscle of inspiration.
    • Each half of the diaphragm is called a hemidiaphragm

    Upper Airway

    • Hard & Soft Palate: roof of the oral cavity
      • The soft palate contains the uvula (lower posterior portion)
      • It's the boundary between the nasopharynx and oropharynx
    • Pharynx: passageway for food, fluid, & air
      • Three divisions:
        • Nasopharynx: houses the opening of the eustachian or auditory tube, and pharyngeal tonsils
        • Oropharynx: Contains palatine and lingual tonsils
        • Laryngopharynx: extends from the epiglottis and connects to the esophagus
    • Esophagus: located posterior to larynx and trachea

    Larynx (Voice Box)

    • Cage-like cartilaginous structure (1-1.5in)
    • Organ of voice
    • Suspended by the hyoid bone
    • Level of C3-C6
    • Vocal Cords: located within the larynx, sounds are made as air passes between them
    • Thyroid Cartilage: anterior wall of larynx, level of C5
      • Anterior projection = Laryngeal Prominence (Adam's apple)
    • Cricoid Cartilage: ring of cartilage that forms the inferior and posterior wall of the larynx, attaches to the trachea
    • Epiglottis: resembles a leaf, attaches to the thyroid cartilage, flips down to cover the trachea during swallowing

    Trachea

    • Connects larynx to the bronchial tree
    • Fibrous muscular tube
    • 16-20 C-shaped rings of cartilage in the anterior wall - prevents the trachea from collapsing during expiration
    • Extends from C6 to the level of T4/T5
      • Divides at the carina (T4/T5)

    Endocrine Glands

    • These are imaged with the respiratory system
    • Thyroid Gland:
      • Located anteriorly just below the thyroid cartilage
      • More radiosensitive than most structures or organs
      • Stores and releases hormones to aid in metabolism (regulates growth and development in children), lowers calcium levels in the blood
    • Parathyroid Glands:
      • Small round glands embedded in posterior surface of the thyroid (four total - two on each side)
      • Stores and secretes hormones that aid in specific blood functions (increases calcium levels in the blood)
    • Thymus Gland: disappears in adulthood
      • Inferior to thyroid gland and anterior and superior to the heart
      • Large role in development of the immune system
      • Thymic lymphocytes (T cells) reject foreign substances from the body

    Bronchial Tree - Primary Bronchi

    • Right & Left Primary Bronchi (right and left main stem bronchi)
    • Split by the carina
    • Right Primary Bronchus: wider, shorter and more vertical than left
      • Foreign objects are more likely to lodge here

    Bronchial Tree - Secondary Bronchi

    • Right Bronchus divides into three secondary bronchi
    • Left Bronchus divides into two secondary bronchi
      • The secondary bronchi divide into smaller branches called bronchioles (terminal bronchioles)
      • Terminal bronchioles terminate into small air sacs called alveoli
      • The two lungs contain approximately 500-700 million alveoli
      • Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the blood through he thin walls of the alveoli

    Lungs

    • Composed of parenchyma (light, spongy, highly elastic substance) - allows for expansion and contraction of lungs
    • Each lung is contained in a double-walled sac called the pleura:
      • Outer layer: parietal pleura
      • Inner layer: Pulmonary or visceral pleura
      • Space between the two layers = Pleural cavity
        • Contains lubricating fluid that allows movement during breathing
        • Can be visualized radiographically when the lung collapses or air/fluid collects between the two pleura layers:
          • Pneumothorax
          • Hemothorax
          • Pleural effusion
    • Right Lung: three lobes, two fissures
    • Left Lung: two lobes, one fissure
    • Apex: Rounded upper area above the level of the clavicles
    • Base: Lower concave area of each lung, rests on the diaphragm
    • Costophrenic Angles: Outermost lower corner of each lung
    • Cardiophrenic Angles: Angles closest to the heart

    Hilum

    • Also known as the root region
    • The central area of each lung
    • Bronchi, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves enter/leave the lungs here

    Mediastinum

    • The medial portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs
    • Four important radiographic structures:
      • Thymus gland
      • Heart & great vessels
      • Trachea
      • Esophagus
    • Additional structures:
      • Coronary vessels
      • Azygos vein
      • Hemiazygos vein
      • Thoracic duct
      • Lymph nodes

    Bony Thorax

    • The bony thorax is part of the skeletal system, providing a protective framework for organs involved in breathing and blood circulation.
    • It consists of the sternum, clavicles, scapulae, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae.

    Landmarks

    • Vertebra prominens, the spinous process of C7, is at the level of T1 body.
    • The jugular notch, also known as the manubrial or suprasternal notch, is at the level of T2/T3.
    • The sternal angle is at the level of T4/T5.
    • The xiphoid process, also known as the ensiform, is at the level of T9/T10.

    Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases between air and blood.
    • It consists of four parts: pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
    • The diaphragm is the primary muscle of inspiration, with each half referred to as the hemidiaphragm.

    Upper Airway

    • The hard palate and soft palate form the roof of the oral cavity.
    • The uvula, the lower posterior portion of the soft palate, serves as the boundary between the nasopharynx and oropharynx.
    • The pharynx is a passageway for food, fluid, and air, divided into three sections:
      • Nasopharynx: Houses the opening of the eustachian or auditory tube and pharyngeal tonsils.
      • Oropharynx: Contains the palatine and lingual tonsils.
      • Laryngopharynx: Extends from the epiglottis and connects to the esophagus.
    • The esophagus is located posterior to the larynx and trachea.

    Larynx (Voice Box)

    • The larynx is a cage-like, cartilaginous structure, approximately 1-1.5 inches in length.
    • It is the organ of voice, suspended by the hyoid bone, and located at the level of C3-C6.
    • Vocal cords are located within the larynx, allowing sounds to be made as air passes between them.
    • Key cartilage components:
      • Thyroid cartilage: Forms the anterior wall of the larynx, located at the level of C5. Its anterior projection is easily palpated as the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple).
      • Cricoid cartilage: A ring-shaped cartilage that forms the inferior and posterior wall of the larynx, attaching to the trachea.
      • Epiglottis: A leaf-shaped structure that attaches to the thyroid cartilage, flipping down to cover the trachea during swallowing.

    Trachea (windpipe)

    • Connects the larynx to the bronchi tree.
    • It's a fibrous muscular tube with 16-20 C-shaped rings of cartilage embedded in its anterior wall. These rings prevent the trachea from collapsing during expiration, keeping the airway open.
    • Extends from C6 to the level of T4/T5.
    • The trachea divides at the carina, located at T4/T5.

    Endocrine Glands

    • Thyroid gland: Located anteriorly just below the thyroid cartilage. It is more radiosensitive than most body structures or organs. It stores and releases hormones to aid in metabolism and regulates growth and development in children. It also lowers calcium levels in the blood.
    • Parathyroid glands: Small round glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid (2 on each side - 4 total). They store and secrete hormones that regulate blood calcium levels.
    • Thymus gland: Disappears in adulthood. Located inferior to the thyroid gland, anterior and superior to the heart. It plays a significant role in the development of the immune system. Thymic lymphocytes (T cells) are responsible for rejecting foreign substances from the body.

    Bronchial Tree

    • Primary Bronchi (Bronchus):
      • Right and left primary bronchi, also known as right and left main stem bronchi, split by the carina.
      • The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left, making it more likely for food particles or foreign objects to enter and lodge.
    • Secondary Bronchi:
      • The right bronchus divides into 3 secondary bronchi.
      • The left bronchus divides into 2 secondary bronchi.

    Mediastinum

    • The mediastinum contains:
      • Thymus gland
      • Heart and great vessels
      • Trachea
      • Esophagus
    • Additional structures within the mediastinum include:
      • Coronary vessels
      • Azygos vein
      • Hemiazygos vein
      • Thoracic duct
      • Lymph nodes

    Lungs

    • Each lung has lobes with associated fissures:
      • Right lung: 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior) with 2 fissures (oblique & horizontal)
      • Left lung: 2 lobes (superior, inferior) with 1 fissure (oblique)
    • Hilum: The area on the medial surface of each lung where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lung.
    • Parenchyma: The functional tissue of the lung responsible for gas exchange.
    • Pleura: A thin membrane that surrounds each lung, consisting of two layers: visceral pleura (covers the lung) and parietal pleura (lines the chest wall).

    Heart

    • The heart and great vessels are enclosed within a double-walled sac called the pericardial sac.
    • The heart is located posterior to the body of the sternum, anterior to T5 to T8, and lies obliquely in the mediastinum.
    • Two-thirds of the heart lies to the left of the median plane.

    Great Vessels

    • Inferior vena cava: Large vein returning blood to the heart from the lower half of the body.
    • Superior vena cava: Large vein returning blood to the heart from the upper half of the body.
    • Aorta (3 parts): Largest artery in the body, divided into:
      • Ascending aorta: Rising upward from the heart.
      • Arch of the aorta: Has three arterial branches: brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian.
      • Descending aorta: Passes through the diaphragm into the abdomen (abdominal aorta).
    • Large pulmonary arteries and veins: Supply and return blood to and from the lungs.

    Coronary Vessels

    • Coronary arteries: Located around and inside the heart muscle.
      • RCA (Right Coronary Artery): Supplies blood to the right atrium and right ventricle. It also has branches supplying the SA and AV nodes.
      • LMCA (Left Main Coronary Artery): Supplies blood to the left atrium and left ventricle. It also has branches supplying two-thirds of the interventricular septum.

    Azygos & Hemiazygos Veins

    • Azygos vein: Enters the thorax through the aortic hiatus and joins the superior vena cava at T4.
    • Hemiazygos vein: Arises from the left ascending lumbar vein and joins the azygos vein at T9.
    • Posterior intercostal veins join this azygos system.
    • The azygos system drains the thoracic wall and upper lumbar region.

    Blood Flow Through the Heart

    • Blood enters the heart via the vena cava.
    • It then enters the right atrium, passes through the tricuspid valve, and enters the right ventricle.
    • From the right ventricle, blood flows through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary arteries to reach the lungs for oxygenation.
    • Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins, entering the left atrium and passing through the bicuspid or mitral valve.
    • It then reaches the left ventricle and is pumped out through the aortic valve into the aorta.

    Three Branches off the Aortic Arch

    • Brachiocephalic artery
    • Left common carotid artery
    • Left subclavian artery

    Electrical Conductivity of the Heart

    • Starts at the SA node (sinoatrial node).
    • Then passes through the AV node (atrioventricular node).
    • Then through the Bundle of His.
    • Then divides into the left and right bundle branches.
    • Finally, it reaches the Purkinje fibers.

    Thoracic Duct

    • The main lymphatic channel for the return of chyle to the venous system.
    • Chyle is a milky fluid composed of lymph and fat droplets.
    • Lymph carries fat and proteins, involved in fighting germs and maintaining normal body fluid levels.
    • Enters the thoracic cavity through the aortic hiatus.
    • Located between the aorta and azygos vein, posterior to the esophagus.

    Mediastinal Lymph Nodes

    • They can become enlarged due to infections, cancer, and inflammatory diseases.
    • Enlarged lymph nodes can sometimes be visualized on chest x-rays or other imaging.

    Chest X-ray

    • Can provide a visual representation of the structures in the chest, allowing for diagnosis and monitoring of conditions affecting the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
    • The chest x-ray provides information on the size, shape, and position of organs.

    Review/Practice

    • Define Pleural Effusion: A buildup of fluid in the space between the lung and the chest wall (pleural space).
    • Define Hemothorax: Blood in the pleural space.
    • Define Pneumothorax: Air in the pleural space (outside the lung).
    • Practice identifying anatomy on a chest x-ray.
    • Steps on how air gets from your nose through your lungs:
      • Nose
      • Pharynx
      • Larynx
      • Trachea
      • Bronchi
      • Bronchioles
      • Alveoli

    Quiz

    • Which lung are you more likely to aspirate into? Right lung (due to its wider, shorter, and more vertical bronchus).

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Rad 101 General Terminology and Principles PDF
    Chest Anatomy PDF 2024

    Description

    Test your knowledge on basic radiography terminology and concepts with this quiz. Questions cover body positions, anatomical planes, limb movements, and radiographic equipment functions. Perfect for students or professionals in the radiographic field.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser