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Questions and Answers
What is indicated by a cardio-thoracic ratio (CTR) greater than 50%?
What is indicated by a cardio-thoracic ratio (CTR) greater than 50%?
Which imaging method is the choice for diagnosing septal defects?
Which imaging method is the choice for diagnosing septal defects?
What characterizes dextrocardia?
What characterizes dextrocardia?
What condition results from gradual plaque buildup in arterial walls?
What condition results from gradual plaque buildup in arterial walls?
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What does ischemia refer to?
What does ischemia refer to?
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Which treatment may be required for a septal defect?
Which treatment may be required for a septal defect?
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How can collateral vessels help in atherosclerosis?
How can collateral vessels help in atherosclerosis?
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In radiographic appearance, which finding is commonly associated with septal defects?
In radiographic appearance, which finding is commonly associated with septal defects?
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What is a common treatment option for cardiac conditions related to myocardial infarction?
What is a common treatment option for cardiac conditions related to myocardial infarction?
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Which imaging technique is NOT typically used for diagnosing aneurysms?
Which imaging technique is NOT typically used for diagnosing aneurysms?
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What is the primary risk factor for the formation of venous thrombosis?
What is the primary risk factor for the formation of venous thrombosis?
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What serious condition can primarily result from a ruptured aneurysm?
What serious condition can primarily result from a ruptured aneurysm?
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Which of the following is a sign of myocardial infarction (MI)?
Which of the following is a sign of myocardial infarction (MI)?
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Which treatment is typically NOT used for pulmonary embolism?
Which treatment is typically NOT used for pulmonary embolism?
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What characterizes congestive heart failure?
What characterizes congestive heart failure?
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What is the typical origin of clots that cause pulmonary embolism?
What is the typical origin of clots that cause pulmonary embolism?
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Study Notes
Radiographic Pathology - Learning Objectives
- Identify common cardiovascular system pathologies
- Demonstrate the pathological characteristics of CVS on radiographic appearances
Lecture 6 - Cardiovascular System
- This lecture covers the cardiovascular system.
Recap - Anatomy
- Diagrams of the heart and relevant anatomical components are presented, including:
- SVC (Superior Vena Cava)
- RA (Right Atrium)
- RV (Right Ventricle)
- LV (Left Ventricle)
- Aortic arch
- Pulmonary trunk
- Left atrial appendage
- Cardiac apex (LV)
Normal Cardiac Contours
- The left heart contour represents the left lateral border of the left ventricle (LV).
- The right heart contour represents the right lateral border of the right atrium (RA).
Heart Assessment
- The heart is assessed using the cardio-thoracic ratio (CTR), calculated by dividing cardiac width by thoracic width.
- Measurements of heart size must be below 50% of the total thoracic diameter for a normal CTR.
- A cardiomegaly condition occurs when CTR exceeds 50%.
Heart Component Analysis
- The hemidiaphragms do not indicate the lowest point of the lungs.
- A comprehensive analysis of cardiovascular structures, including the heart, is vital for accurate radiographic interpretation.
Congenital and Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases
-
Dextrocardia: The heart is positioned on the right side of the chest instead of the left, a congenital condition. Typically, no significant symptoms occur.
- The diagnosis could involve ECG or imaging (CXR).
-
Septal Defect: A hole in the ventricular or atrial septum allows blood flow between the two chambers.
- Diagnosis using echocardiography is preferred, alongside CXR.
- The left atrium and ventricle are usually enlarged in cases of septal defect.
- Pulmonary vascular markings and pleural effusions might also be present.
- Treatment may involve surgical intervention.
-
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Atherosclerosis causes the arteries supplying the heart to become clogged with plaques or atheroma (fibrofatty plaques).
- It is diagnosed using angiography, CT angio, MRI, or Doppler US.
- Slow narrowing can allow collateral vessels to form, which maintain blood supply.
- Treatments frequently involve medication and catheterization procedures.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) continued
- CAD is a major cause of death in the United States.
- Diagnosis uses MRI, CT, nuclear medicine, and angiography.
- Treatment involves medications, catheterization procedures, or bypass grafts.
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
- MI occurs when blood supply to the heart muscle is blocked.
- Symptoms include chest pain radiating to the neck, left arm, shortness of breath, sweating, and nausea.
- Cardiac angiography (or catheterization) is critical for diagnosing and treating MI.
Aneurysms
- Aneurysms are vascular wall dilatations caused by atherosclerosis, trauma, an infection, or a congenital anomaly.
- Rupture often results in immediate mortality.
- Diagnosis by CT, MRI, and ultrasonography determines aneurysm size and extent.
- Treatment involves using clips, stents, or coils.
Venous Thrombosis
- Venous thrombosis involves blood clot formation within a vein.
- These clots commonly occur in the lower extremities, potentially leading to blood flow restrictions and requiring postoperative and bedfast patients to monitor.
- Diagnosis might involve US or venography.
- Treatment typically utilizes anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy.
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
- PE occurs when a clot becomes lodged in the pulmonary artery, often migrating from the lower extremities.
- Symptoms include respiratory distress, heart failure, or cardiogenic shock.
- Diagnosing PE involves ventilation perfusion scanning, CT, or angiography.
- Treatment consists of thrombolytic therapy (e.g., tPA) or blood thinners.
Congestive Heart Failure
- Congestive heart failure is a long-term condition where the heart's pumping ability is inadequate, leading to fluid accumulation in lungs and extremities.
- Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, leg swelling, irregular heartbeat, wheezing, and chronic cough.
- Diagnoses often use CXR, echocardiograms and ECG.
- Radiographically, the heart appears enlarged, pleural effusion is prevalent, and pulmonary vascular markings are significant.
Additional Information
- Dextrocardia is diagnosable as a congenital and hereditary condition, while venous thrombosis commonly affects lower extremities via superficial veins.
- Ischemia relates to local, temporary blood circulation impairment.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the cardiovascular system as covered in Lecture 6 of the Radiographic Pathology course. Students will identify common pathologies and their radiographic characteristics, along with anatomical components of the heart. Key concepts such as normal cardiac contours and heart assessment are also included.
