Radiographic Imaging Projections Quiz

Anatomy and Radiography Basics

• Connective tissue provides structural support for other tissues.
• There are 206 separate bones in the adult human body.
• The digestive system is responsible for absorption of nutrients by cells and elimination of solid waste.

Bone Structure

• The periosteum is the dense fibrous membrane that covers bone.
• Growth (epiphyseal) plates of bone, made of hyaline cartilage, appear radiographically at the end of long bones around age 2-3 years.
• Sesamoid bones are small, oval-shaped bones found in tendons.

Bone Types

• Examples of "flat" bones include ribs, sternum, scapulae, and pelvis.

Movement and Positioning

• Pronation is the movement of turning or bending the wrist and hand toward the ulna.
• Adduction is the movement of an arm or leg toward the body.
• Medial rotation is the rotation of an anterior body part toward the inside (median plane).
• CR angle towards the head refers to the angle at which the central ray is directed towards the head.

Radiography Fundamentals

• Two projections are generally required for a chest radiograph.
• Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-rays on November 8, 1895.
• Distortion in radiography refers to the difference between the actual size and shape of an object and its radiographic image.
• SNR stands for Signal-to-Noise Ratio in radiography.
• ALARA stands for As Low As Reasonably Achievable in radiography, referring to minimizing radiation exposure.
• Contrast in radiography refers to the difference in density between adjacent areas in a radiograph.

Skeletal System

• There are 126 bones in the adult appendicular skeleton.
• The elbow joint displays a "hinge" type of movement.

Radiographic Projections

• An axiolateral projection is created with the central ray (CR) directed at a 10 degree angle or more along or parallel to the long axis of the body.
• The decubitus position refers to lying down in any position.
• The lordotic position is a general term for a position in which the long axis of the body is angled in relationship to the image receptor rather than the central ray (special chest projection).
• A tangential projection is created when the CR skims a body part.

Anatomical Directions and Positions

• The opposite term for supination is pronation.
• The dorsum pedis is the surface of the foot.
• Circumduction is a circular movement of a body part, such as the arm or leg.
• The coronal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Radiographic Projections and Positions

• A minimum of two projections are taken for a post-reduction (realign a fracture) study of the ankle.
• A dorsoplantar projection is performed when the sole of the foot is placed against the image receptor (IR) with a perpendicular CR entering the top of the foot.
• A lateral projection with the head and neck hyperextended is performed when the patient's head and neck are hyperextended with the top of the skull directly against the IR and the CR enters just below the chin.
• A left lateral decubitus position is achieved when a patient is lying on their back (face up) with the x-ray tube horizontal, CR entering the right side of the body, and IR adjacent to the left side of the body.
• When placing radiographs of the lower leg, the toes of the foot should point towards the IR.
• A PA erect position is achieved when a patient is erect and leaning the shoulders backward 20 to 30 degrees toward the IR with a perpendicular CR.
• A RAO (Right Anterior Oblique) position is achieved when a patient is erect facing the IR, and the right side of the body is turned 45° toward the IR.
• In a radiographic image of the chest in the erect PA projection, the left side of the radiographic image should be placed on the left side of the monitor or view box.
• A minimum of two projections are required to be taken for a radiographic study of a patient with a piece of wire in their palm.