Radiographic Imaging of the Upper Limb
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used for the movement that 'opens up' the wrist and demonstrates the carpal on the opposite side?

  • Radial deviation
  • Wrist flexion
  • Wrist extension
  • Ulnar deviation (correct)

Which structure is located at the distal end of the forearm?

  • Olecranon
  • Capitulum
  • Trochlea
  • Styloid process (correct)

What is the significance of keeping the long axis of the part parallel to the IR when taking a radiograph?

  • To keep joint spaces open (correct)
  • To enhance image contrast
  • To reduce motion artifacts
  • To minimize exposure time

What condition is characterized by an increase in technique needed for imaging?

<p>Advanced Paget's disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two fat stripes are illustrated radiographically in the elbow region?

<p>Supinator and anterior fat stripe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the trochlear sulcus in evaluating the elbow?

<p>To evaluate rotation on the lateral elbow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what degree must the elbow be flexed for a lateral projection of the wrist?

<p>90° (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fossae are located on the anterior aspect of the humerus?

<p>Radial fossa and coronoid fossa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which views demonstrate both the wrist and elbow clearly?

<p>AP and forearm view (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary position of the elbow for effective evaluation during imaging?

<p>Flexed at 90° (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?

<p>The constricted area below and lateral to the head (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the shoulder girdle articulates with the acromion of the scapula?

<p>Acromial extremity of the clavicle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest and longest bone of the upper limb?

<p>Humerus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the lesser tubercle located on the humerus?

<p>Directly below the anatomical neck (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is considered part of the shoulder girdle?

<p>Clavicle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the surgical neck of the humerus?

<p>It is located below the head and tubercles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main parts of the humeral condyle at the distal end of the humerus?

<p>Trochlea and Capitulum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which epicondyle of the distal humerus is larger?

<p>Medial Epicondyle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the olecranon process of the ulna fit when the arm is extended?

<p>In the olecranon fossa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for evaluating joint pathology in the elbow?

<p>90° flexion and accurate imaging of fat pads (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the three concentric arcs in a true lateral elbow position?

<p>Trochlear Sulcus, Capitulum/Trochlea, Trochlear Notch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What joint is located at the sternoclavicular junction?

<p>Sternoclavicular joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the sternum articulates with the manubrium?

<p>Sternal extremity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the female clavicle typically differ from the male clavicle?

<p>Shorter and less curved (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature of the scapula extends laterally over the humeral head?

<p>Acromion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which angle of the scapula is also referred to as the lateral angle?

<p>Lateral angle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the elongated portion of the sternum called?

<p>Body of sternum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the scapula is near the vertebrae?

<p>Medial border (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature is located in the mid-area depression of the scapula?

<p>Subscapular fossa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is located on the lateral side of the forearm?

<p>Radius (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the radius?

<p>Involvement in wrist movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the proximal and distal radioulnar joints primarily facilitate?

<p>Rotational movement of the wrist and hand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is found at the head of the ulna?

<p>Olecranon process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the radial notch located?

<p>On the lateral side of the proximal ulna (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the radius fits into the ulnar notch of the ulna?

<p>Head of the radius (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape is the head of the radius?

<p>Cone-shaped (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the trochlear notch?

<p>Articulates with the distal humerus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is more distal on the radius than the ulnar styloid process?

<p>Styloid process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily involved in the creation of the elbow joint?

<p>Ulna (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common form of malignant bone tumor?

<p>Bone Metastasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the inflammation of the bursae?

<p>Bursitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What commonly causes Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

<p>Compression of the median nerve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a Colles fracture?

<p>Transverse fracture of the distal radius with posterior displacement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a main indication of joint effusion?

<p>Accumulation of fluid in the joint cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is considered a degenerative joint disease?

<p>Osteoarthritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with the loss of bone mass and density?

<p>Osteoporosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Paget's Disease?

<p>Bone destruction followed by reparative processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is often caused by bacteria and can be introduced via trauma?

<p>Osteomyelitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of thumb injury is characterized by a sprain of the ulnar collateral ligament?

<p>Skier's Thumb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ulnar deviation projection

A special wrist X-ray technique that shows the carpal bones from the opposite side in an open position.

Styloid process location

The styloid process is the most distal bony projection on the forearm and hand.

Joint space & radiograph

Keeping the body part parallel to the x-ray plate keeps the joint spaces open for a clear image.

Elbow fat stripes

Two fat areas visible on an elbow x-ray: supinator and anterior fat stripes.

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Radius head & radial notch

The radius head fits into a depression (radial notch) on the ulna's lateral side.

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Trochlear sulcus location

The smooth, depressed center part of the trochlea used to assess elbow rotation.

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Lateral wrist projection

A view of the wrist, where the elbow is flexed 90°.

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Radial fossa location

Anterior aspect of the humerus (in front).

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Coronoid fossa location

Anterior aspect of the humerus (in front).

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Elbow positioning for wrist view

Elbow should be flexed to 90 degrees for proper wrist imaging.

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Humerus

Largest and longest bone in the upper limb

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Humerus Head

Rounded, proximal part of the humerus

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Greater Tubercle

Large, lateral process of the humerus

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Surgical Neck

Narrow area of the humerus below the head and tubercles

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Shoulder Girdle

Clavicle and scapula; supports arm

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Clavicle

Long bone, part of shoulder girdle

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Sternum Articulation

The sternum's sternal extremity connects to the manubrium, forming a joint.

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Sternoclavicular Joint

Joint where the sternum and clavicle connect.

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Clavicle Differences (Sex)

Female clavicles are typically shorter and less curved than male clavicles, which are thicker and more curved.

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Scapula Borders

The scapula has three borders (medial, superior, and lateral) and three angles, important for location and identifying features.

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Scapular Important Features

The scapula has costal area (flat area), subscapular fossa (depressed area), acromion (lateral process), and the articulation with the humerus (humeral head which connects to the glenoid cavity).

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Scapula Lateral Angle

The thickest part of the scapula, extending laterally(away from the midline).

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Sternum Body

The long central portion of the sternum.

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Scapular Angle Location

The scapula has superior, inferior, and laterally located angles.

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Radius Location

The radius is located on the lateral side of the forearm (thumb side).

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Ulna Location

The ulna is located on the medial side of the forearm (little finger side).

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Distal Radioulnar Joint

The distal radioulnar joint is formed where the radius and ulna articulate at their distal ends.

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Proximal Radioulnar Joint

The proximal radioulnar joint is formed where the radius and ulna articulate at their proximal ends.

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Radius Function in Pronation

The radius rotates around the ulna during pronation (rotating the forearm inwards).

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Ulna Function

The ulna primarily forms the elbow joint.

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Trochlear Notch

The trochlear notch is a large, concave depression on the ulna that articulates with the humerus.

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Radial Notch

The radial notch is a small depression on the ulna where the head of the radius articulates.

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Styloid Process of Radius

The styloid process of the radius is a bony projection extending distally on the lateral side of the radius.

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Pronation & Supination

Pronation is rotating the forearm inwards, while supination is rotating the forearm outwards.

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Bone Metastasis

Cancer cells spread from one part of the body to another via blood, lymph, or direct extension. It's the most common form of malignant bone tumor.

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Bursitis

Inflammation of small, fluid-filled sacs (bursae) near joints and tendons, causing pain and restricted movement.

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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Compression of the median nerve at the wrist, leading to hand and wrist pain, numbness, and tingling.

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Fractures

Breaks in the bone structure caused by force, classified by type, direction, alignment, and tissue involvement.

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Joint Effusion

Fluid buildup (synovial or blood) in the joint, indicating problems like fractures, dislocations, or inflammation.

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Osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease, involving cartilage wear and bone growth, leading to pain and stiffness.

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Osteomyelitis

Bone infection usually caused by bacteria entering through trauma or surgery, but can also spread from nearby sources.

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Osteoporosis

Loss of bone mass and density, making bones weak and prone to fractures, common in older adults.

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Paget's Disease

A chronic bone disorder where bone is destroyed and rebuilt abnormally, leading to enlarged, deformed bones.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis

A chronic systemic disease affecting the connective tissues, causing swelling and bone erosion, especially in the hand and wrist.

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Distal Humerus

The bottom end of the humerus bone, containing the condyles, epicondyles, and olecranon fossa.

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Trochlea & Capitulum

The two rounded parts of the humeral condyle; trochlea articulates with the ulna, capitulum with the radius.

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Epicondyles

Bony projections on either side of the humeral condyle, serving as attachment points for muscles.

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Olecranon Fossa

A deep depression on the posterior (back) side of the distal humerus, accommodating the olecranon process of the ulna.

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True Lateral Elbow Position

Precise elbow positioning for X-rays, displaying three concentric arcs: trochlear sulcus, capitulum/trochlea, and trochlear notch.

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