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Questions and Answers
Photography is a record made by means of ______ light
Photography is a record made by means of ______ light
visible
Radiography is a record made by ______ radiation.
Radiography is a record made by ______ radiation.
X-ray
The formation of a visible image is a ______ way step process.
The formation of a visible image is a ______ way step process.
two
The image chain includes a ______ image that is invisible on the radiographic film until processing occurs.
The image chain includes a ______ image that is invisible on the radiographic film until processing occurs.
Primary radiation is the ______ beam after it exits the X-ray tube and before it interacts with the patient's body.
Primary radiation is the ______ beam after it exits the X-ray tube and before it interacts with the patient's body.
Remnant radiation is the ______ of radiation after it passes through the patient's body.
Remnant radiation is the ______ of radiation after it passes through the patient's body.
Materials that allow X-ray photons to pass through easily are called ______.
Materials that allow X-ray photons to pass through easily are called ______.
Bone has a ______ absorption of X-rays (white).
Bone has a ______ absorption of X-rays (white).
The penetrating power of radiation depends on the ______ number.
The penetrating power of radiation depends on the ______ number.
Silver halide is a chemical compound formed between silver and one of the ______.
Silver halide is a chemical compound formed between silver and one of the ______.
Silver halides are used in ______ film and photographic paper.
Silver halides are used in ______ film and photographic paper.
Silver halides, except for ______ fluoride, are extremely insoluble in water.
Silver halides, except for ______ fluoride, are extremely insoluble in water.
A ______ compound is formed between silver and one of the halogens.
A ______ compound is formed between silver and one of the halogens.
[Blank] materials use silver bromide.
[Blank] materials use silver bromide.
Silver iodide is never used ______.
Silver iodide is never used ______.
Certain positive materials use ______ chloride.
Certain positive materials use ______ chloride.
The photosensitive layer containing silver halide is suspended in ______ (on an x-ray film).
The photosensitive layer containing silver halide is suspended in ______ (on an x-ray film).
Change occurs in the silver halide ______ on exposure to light
Change occurs in the silver halide ______ on exposure to light
A photographic emulsion is a dispersion of small solid particles in a ______ medium.
A photographic emulsion is a dispersion of small solid particles in a ______ medium.
Photographic emulsion is made by adding a solution of ______ nitrate into a warm gelatine solution
Photographic emulsion is made by adding a solution of ______ nitrate into a warm gelatine solution
Silver ______ (AgBr) is produced by mixing aqueous solutions of silver ions and halide ions
Silver ______ (AgBr) is produced by mixing aqueous solutions of silver ions and halide ions
Light sensitive materials are affected by ______ and temperature
Light sensitive materials are affected by ______ and temperature
The characteristics of sensitive emulsion include ______ and contrast
The characteristics of sensitive emulsion include ______ and contrast
The speed of the emulsion depends on the ______ of silver halide crystal
The speed of the emulsion depends on the ______ of silver halide crystal
A ______ image is an invisible image formed on a film as a result of exposure to radiation
A ______ image is an invisible image formed on a film as a result of exposure to radiation
Photographic emulsion consists of light and X-ray sensitive ______ and gelatin.
Photographic emulsion consists of light and X-ray sensitive ______ and gelatin.
Silver bromide (AgBr) is a ______ crystal containing millions of pairs of ions
Silver bromide (AgBr) is a ______ crystal containing millions of pairs of ions
Gelatin is a ______, colorless, brittle, nearly tasteless, extracted from the collagen inside animals' skin and bones.
Gelatin is a ______, colorless, brittle, nearly tasteless, extracted from the collagen inside animals' skin and bones.
Gelatin acts as the medium for the formation of ______ halide crystals during chemical production.
Gelatin acts as the medium for the formation of ______ halide crystals during chemical production.
The contrast of the emulsion depends on the ______ of size of the grains
The contrast of the emulsion depends on the ______ of size of the grains
Gelatin maintains the uniform distribution of ______ halide in the liquid emulsion.
Gelatin maintains the uniform distribution of ______ halide in the liquid emulsion.
The exposure latitude of the emulsion is affected by the ______ of grain sizes
The exposure latitude of the emulsion is affected by the ______ of grain sizes
In solid state, gelatin can be ______ and then allows penetration by the chemical agents.
In solid state, gelatin can be ______ and then allows penetration by the chemical agents.
Gelatin holds firmly in position the ______ silver particles.
Gelatin holds firmly in position the ______ silver particles.
Gelatin provides a ______ medium, enabling viewing of the image.
Gelatin provides a ______ medium, enabling viewing of the image.
Gelatin is a ______ medium for the formation of silver halide crystals during chemical production.
Gelatin is a ______ medium for the formation of silver halide crystals during chemical production.
Each silver bromide grain contains on the order of ______ atoms.
Each silver bromide grain contains on the order of ______ atoms.
Silver bromide grains are irregularly shaped like ______ or grains of sand.
Silver bromide grains are irregularly shaped like ______ or grains of sand.
When solid silver bromide is formed, the silver atoms each give up one ______ electron to a bromine atom.
When solid silver bromide is formed, the silver atoms each give up one ______ electron to a bromine atom.
The silver atoms, lacking one negative charge, have an effective ______ charge and are known as silver ions.
The silver atoms, lacking one negative charge, have an effective ______ charge and are known as silver ions.
The bromine atoms, on the other hand, have gained an ______ and have become bromine ions.
The bromine atoms, on the other hand, have gained an ______ and have become bromine ions.
When a photon of light of energy greater than a certain minimum value is absorbed in a silver bromide crystal, it releases an ______ from a bromide ion.
When a photon of light of energy greater than a certain minimum value is absorbed in a silver bromide crystal, it releases an ______ from a bromide ion.
The negatively charged trap can then attract an ______ silver ion because the silver ion is charged positively.
The negatively charged trap can then attract an ______ silver ion because the silver ion is charged positively.
The whole cycle can recur several, or many, times at a single trap, each cycle involving absorption of one ______ and addition of one silver atom to the aggregate.
The whole cycle can recur several, or many, times at a single trap, each cycle involving absorption of one ______ and addition of one silver atom to the aggregate.
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Study Notes
Radiographic Imaging
- Radiography is a record made by means of X-ray radiation, whereas photography is a record made by means of visible light
- Formation of a visible image is a two-way step process:
- Exposure of the film to light produces an invisible latent image
- Chemical process that converts the latent image into a visible image with a range of density, or shades of gray
Image Production by X-Radiation
- The image chain:
- Latent image: an invisible image on the radiographic film until processing occurs
- Radiograph: an image produced by X-ray photons on a piece of radiographic film
- Terms related to image production:
- Primary radiation: X-ray beam after it exits the X-ray tube and before it interacts with the patient's body
- Remnant radiation: remainder of radiation after it passes through the patient's body, producing the image on the radiographic film
- Secondary scatter radiation: radiation that may not reach the film but does not carry any useful information
- Attenuation: process by which primary radiation is changed or absorbed as it travels through the patient
- Radiolucent: materials that allow X-ray photons to pass through easily (e.g., air)
- Radiopaque: materials that do not allow X-ray photons to pass through easily (e.g., bone)
Tissue Absorption of X-Rays
- Different tissues in the body absorb X-rays at different extents:
- Bone: high absorption (white)
- Tissue: middle absorption (gray)
- Air: low absorption (black)
X-Ray Beam Interaction with Body
- As X-ray beam passes through the body:
- Absorbed
- Transmitted
- Scattered
- Factors affecting X-ray beam interaction:
- Penetrating power of radiation
- Atomic number
- Density
- Thickness of the material
Silver Halides
- A silver halide is a chemical compound formed between silver and one of the halogens (e.g., silver bromide, silver iodide, silver chloride, silver fluoride)
- Applications: light sensitivity, used in photographic film and radiographic film and paper
- Properties of silver halides:
- Except for silver fluoride, extremely insoluble in water
- Undergo change when exposed to visible light or X-ray radiation
Photographic Emulsions
- A photographic emulsion consists of:
- Light and X-ray sensitive crystals (silver halides) suspended in gelatin
- Coated on a transparent base of the film
- Properties of gelatin:
- Acts as the medium for formation of silver halide crystals during chemical production
- Maintains uniform distribution of silver halide
- Does not react chemically with silver halides
- Allows the film base to be coated evenly with warm liquid emulsion, which is then chilled and allowed to set and dry
- Holds firmly in position the metallic silver particles
- Provides a transparent medium, enabling viewing of the image
Making an X-Ray Film Emulsion
- Chemical process by which the X-ray film material is produced: precipitation
- Photographic emulsion is made by adding a solution of silver nitrate into a warm gelatine solution containing potassium bromide, sodium chloride, or other alkali metal halides at suitable proportions
- Silver nitrate (AgNO3) + potassium bromide --> silver bromide (AgBr) + potassium nitrate (KNO3)
Light-Sensitive Materials
- Affected by:
- Moisture and temperature
- Presence of impurities
- Exposure to certain gases
- Airborne dust
- Static electricity and mechanical stress
- Characteristics of sensitive emulsion:
- Speed: need for more or less exposure to light and X-ray radiation in comparison to inherent property of film emulsion to respond to light and X-ray radiation
- Contrast: the way in which the material reacts to a range of exposures by showing on development a number of different densities
Latent Image Formation
- Structure of crystals:
- Silver bromide is a lattice crystal containing millions of pairs of ions
- Silver bromide grains are irregularly shaped like sugar or grains of sand
- When solid silver bromide is formed, as in the preparation of a photographic emulsion, the silver atoms each give up one orbital electron to a bromine atom
- The liberated electron is free to wander about the crystal, and as it does, it may encounter a latent image site and be "trapped" there, giving the latent-image site a negative electrical charge
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