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Questions and Answers
What is one benefit of using Far-Infrared Emitting Ceramic Materials during exercise?
What is one benefit of using Far-Infrared Emitting Ceramic Materials during exercise?
- Decreases exercise intensity
- Increases muscle size
- Reduces the need for hydration
- Improves postural control (correct)
Which of the following is a type of far infrared textile mentioned?
Which of the following is a type of far infrared textile mentioned?
- Spectrally Selective Nanocomposite Textile (correct)
- Cotton fabric
- Polyester blend
- Graphene Heating Device
How does far infrared textile help in terms of thermal management?
How does far infrared textile help in terms of thermal management?
- By heating up muscles directly
- By reflecting solar irradiance (correct)
- By retaining body heat
- By cooling down the body rapidly
What is an application of far infrared technology in muscle recovery?
What is an application of far infrared technology in muscle recovery?
What effect does the use of far infrared emitting ceramics have on tissue?
What effect does the use of far infrared emitting ceramics have on tissue?
What is a key characteristic of bioceramic pants mentioned in the content?
What is a key characteristic of bioceramic pants mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is NOT a type of recovery achieved through far infrared exposure?
Which of the following is NOT a type of recovery achieved through far infrared exposure?
What temperature decrease can far infrared textile potentially provide when compared to normal textile under peak daylight conditions?
What temperature decrease can far infrared textile potentially provide when compared to normal textile under peak daylight conditions?
Which particle is ejected during alpha decay, causing a decrease in the atomic number by 2?
Which particle is ejected during alpha decay, causing a decrease in the atomic number by 2?
What type of radiation primarily results from nuclear transitions within an atom's nucleus?
What type of radiation primarily results from nuclear transitions within an atom's nucleus?
Which type of ionizing radiation has the highest penetration power?
Which type of ionizing radiation has the highest penetration power?
In the process of decay, what happens to the atomic number and mass number of a nucleus undergoing alpha decay?
In the process of decay, what happens to the atomic number and mass number of a nucleus undergoing alpha decay?
Which ionizing radiation is primarily associated with positron-electron annihilation?
Which ionizing radiation is primarily associated with positron-electron annihilation?
What is a characteristic feature of beta decay?
What is a characteristic feature of beta decay?
What is the property of radioactivity in unstable nuclei?
What is the property of radioactivity in unstable nuclei?
Which of the following best describes the health effects of exposure to ionizing radiation?
Which of the following best describes the health effects of exposure to ionizing radiation?
What is the key factor that determines the half-life of a radioactive substance?
What is the key factor that determines the half-life of a radioactive substance?
In β− decay, what happens to the atomic number of the parent nucleus?
In β− decay, what happens to the atomic number of the parent nucleus?
What happens to the activity of a radioactive isotope after one half-life has passed?
What happens to the activity of a radioactive isotope after one half-life has passed?
How can the amount of remaining radionuclide after 'n' half-lives be calculated?
How can the amount of remaining radionuclide after 'n' half-lives be calculated?
What is the SI unit used to measure the amount of radioactivity?
What is the SI unit used to measure the amount of radioactivity?
Which statement accurately describes gamma (γ) decay?
Which statement accurately describes gamma (γ) decay?
How would you describe the mean life of a radioisotope in relation to its half-life?
How would you describe the mean life of a radioisotope in relation to its half-life?
What does the decay constant (λ) indicate about a radioactive substance?
What does the decay constant (λ) indicate about a radioactive substance?
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Study Notes
Radioactivity
- Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of energy by an unstable atomic nucleus in the form of particles or electromagnetic radiation.
Ionizing Radiation
- Ionizing radiation is electromagnetic radiation or particles that have enough energy to remove an electron from an atom.
Key Terms:
- Alpha particles: Positively charged particles consisting of two protons and two neutrons, emitted during alpha decay.
- Beta particles: Electrons or positrons emitted during beta decay, resulting in a change in atomic number.
- Gamma rays: High-energy photons emitted during gamma decay, often accompanying alpha or beta decay.
Types of Ionizing Radiation
- Alpha radiation: Highly ionizing but with limited penetration, easily stopped by paper.
- Beta radiation: Less ionizing than alpha but with greater penetration, stopped by thin metal sheets.
- Gamma radiation: Highly penetrating, requiring thick lead or concrete for shielding.
Sources of Ionizing Radiation
- Natural sources: Cosmic rays, radioactive elements in the Earth’s crust (e.g., radon), and naturally occurring potassium-40 in the body.
- Man-made sources: Medical imaging (X-rays, CT scans), nuclear power plants, industrial applications, and nuclear weapons testing.
Half-life (T1/2)
- The time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay.
- It is a constant for a specific radioactive isotope.
- The formula for half-life: 𝑇1/2 = ln(2)/𝜆, where 𝜆 is the decay constant.
- The amount of activity ‘N’ remaining after ‘n’ half-lives is given by: 𝑁/𝑁0 = (1/2)^𝑛.
Mean Life
- Average life of radioisotopes.
- Mean life (Tm) = 1.44 * T1/2.
Radioactivity Units
- Becquerel (Bq): The SI unit of radioactivity, representing one disintegration per second.
- Curie (Ci): A non-SI unit, 1 Ci = 3.7 x 10^10 Bq.
Decay Constant (λ)
- The probability per unit time that a nucleus will decay.
- The relation between decay constant and activity is given by: A = 𝜆N, where N is the number of elements.
- SI unit of decay constant is sec^-1.
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