C2: Basic Information on Ionizing Radiation Q1
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C2: Basic Information on Ionizing Radiation Q1

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Questions and Answers

Who discovered the X-rays in 1895?

  • W.C. Röntgen (correct)
  • Henri Becquerel
  • Pierre and Marie Curie
  • A. Einstein
  • In which country did the first X-ray machine arrive two years after the discovery of ionizing radiation?

  • Malaysia (correct)
  • France
  • Germany
  • USA
  • What is the name of the center established under the PM Dept. in 1972 for research and application in nuclear energy?

  • UTN
  • CRANE (correct)
  • PERAK
  • PUSPATI
  • What is the term used to describe the emission and transmission of energy through space, including charged and uncharged particles as well as electromagnetic radiation?

    <p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation contributes the most to the average yearly global radiation dose?

    <p>Gamma radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of natural radiation contributing to the global yearly radiation dose?

    <p>Cosmic rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary manmade source of ionising radiation?

    <p>Medical purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit for absorbed dose of ionising radiation?

    <p>Gy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the identity and atomic mass of an element?

    <p>The number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons called?

    <p>Isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spontaneous emission of ionizing radiation from unstable nuclides called?

    <p>Radioactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do stable nuclides have that leads to nuclear stability?

    <p>Correct balance of neutrons and protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves a photon transforming into matter in the form of an electron and a positron?

    <p>Pair production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called where a photon collides with an atomic electron and only partially transfers its energy?

    <p>Compton scattering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation includes natural radiation, cosmic and terrestrial, and man-made radiation from nuclear weapons, power plants, and consumer goods?

    <p>Ionizing radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total ionizing dose to a population, weighted by the radiation type and the tissue or organ at risk called?

    <p>Effective dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation is known for causing ionization when passing through matter?

    <p>Neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific activity a measure of?

    <p>Activity per unit mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which radionuclide has the longest half-life among the given examples?

    <p>Potassium-40 (40K)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a high-Z material used for shielding against photons?

    <p>Lead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Activity: 3 radioactive decay modes (beta & gamma) with different disintegration rates.
    • Disintegration rate: Measured in Becquerel (Bq), 1 Bq = 1 dps (s-1), or Curie (Ci). Old unit.
    • Specific activity: Activity per unit mass, Bq/g.
    • Decay law: Activity reduction over time, governed by decay constant (l) and half-life (T1/2).
    • Half-life: Specific time for a radionuclide's activity to reduce by half. Various radionuclides have different half-lives.
    • Strontium-90 (90Sr): Half-life 28.5 years, decays by beta decay.
    • Caesium-137 (137Cs): Half-life 30.1 years, decays by beta decay.
    • Radium-226 (226Ra): Half-life 1600 years, decays by alpha decay.
    • Carbon-14 (14C): Half-life 5736 years, decays by beta decay.
    • Potassium-40 (40K): Half-life 1.28 x 10^8 years, decays by beta decay.
    • Activity calculation: Co-60 (100 kCi) has a half-life of 5.27 years. After 5 years, the remaining activity would be approximately 51.81 kCi.
    • Radionuclides chart: Contains different nuclides, their decay modes (alpha, beta, gamma), half-lives, and thermal neutron capture cross sections.
    • Ionizing radiation: Radiation that causes ionization when passing through matter, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, neutrons, and positrons.
    • Alpha particles: Helium nuclei, high mass and charge, high energy, short range, and an important internal hazard.
    • Beta particles: High-speed electrons, continuous energy distribution, produce ionization and excitations, and can be either positrons or electrons.
    • Gamma rays: Electromagnetic radiation from excited nuclei or orbits, long range, external hazard, and not a great internal hazard.
    • Shielding: Use high-Z materials to shield against photons and low-Z materials to protect against beta particles.
    • Interactions: Photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and pair production, all increasing with Z and producing characteristic X-rays and bremsstrahlung X-rays.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on radioactivity, half-life, and decay laws with this quiz. Questions cover topics such as disintegration rate, specific activity, and the fraction of activity left after a certain number of half-lives.

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