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Questions and Answers
What is the energy range of ionizing photons in the UV range?
What is the energy range of ionizing photons in the UV range?
- Between 10 eV and 33 eV (correct)
- Between 33 eV and 100 eV
- Less than 10 eV
- More than 100 eV
What is the primary mechanism of direct hit in ionizing radiation?
What is the primary mechanism of direct hit in ionizing radiation?
- Disruption of cellular metabolic pathways
- Damage to DNA through indirect effects on the cell membrane
- Breakage of DNA molecules by direct interaction with EM or particulate radiation (correct)
- Breakage of DNA molecules by free radicals
What is the time frame for observing short-term effects of ionizing radiation?
What is the time frame for observing short-term effects of ionizing radiation?
- Between 5-10 years after exposure
- More than 30 years after exposure
- Within 3 months of exposure (correct)
- Within 1 month of exposure
What is the unit of measurement for radiation exposure in conventional units?
What is the unit of measurement for radiation exposure in conventional units?
What is the effect of long-term low-dose ionizing radiation on the human eye?
What is the effect of long-term low-dose ionizing radiation on the human eye?
What is the effect of ionizing radiation on the reproductive system?
What is the effect of ionizing radiation on the reproductive system?
What is the time frame for observing long-term effects of ionizing radiation?
What is the time frame for observing long-term effects of ionizing radiation?
What is the unit of measurement for radiation dose in SI units?
What is the unit of measurement for radiation dose in SI units?
What is the result of a neutron being converted into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino in β− decay?
What is the result of a neutron being converted into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino in β− decay?
What is the process by which an inner shell electron is drawn into the nucleus and combines with a proton, forming a neutron and a neutrino?
What is the process by which an inner shell electron is drawn into the nucleus and combines with a proton, forming a neutron and a neutrino?
What is the type of radiation that occurs as a result of attenuation of the incident beam to the patient's body?
What is the type of radiation that occurs as a result of attenuation of the incident beam to the patient's body?
What is the time it takes for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to decay to half its original value?
What is the time it takes for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to decay to half its original value?
What is the result of an alpha particle emission from an atom of Uranium 238?
What is the result of an alpha particle emission from an atom of Uranium 238?
What is the process by which a proton is converted into a neutron, a positron, and a neutrino?
What is the process by which a proton is converted into a neutron, a positron, and a neutrino?
What is the type of scatter radiation that occurs when an incident photon collides with an atom?
What is the type of scatter radiation that occurs when an incident photon collides with an atom?
What is the fraction of atoms remaining after seven half-lives?
What is the fraction of atoms remaining after seven half-lives?
What is the result of an incident photon colliding with an inner shell orbital electron in photoelectric scatter?
What is the result of an incident photon colliding with an inner shell orbital electron in photoelectric scatter?
What is the energy range of X-rays in electron volts?
What is the energy range of X-rays in electron volts?
What is the unit of energy used to measure the penetrating abilities of ionizing radiation?
What is the unit of energy used to measure the penetrating abilities of ionizing radiation?
What is the result of an incident photon colliding with an outer orbital electron in Compton scatter?
What is the result of an incident photon colliding with an outer orbital electron in Compton scatter?
What is the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?
What is the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?
What is the energy range of gamma rays in electron volts?
What is the energy range of gamma rays in electron volts?
What is the effect of ionizing radiation on cell structures?
What is the effect of ionizing radiation on cell structures?
Which type of radiation has a velocity of approximately 5% of the speed of light?
Which type of radiation has a velocity of approximately 5% of the speed of light?
What is the primary purpose of wearing devices such as dosimeters or film badges in occupational exposure?
What is the primary purpose of wearing devices such as dosimeters or film badges in occupational exposure?
What does the acronym ALARA stand for in radiation safety practices?
What does the acronym ALARA stand for in radiation safety practices?
What is the primary purpose of shielding equipment in radiation safety practices?
What is the primary purpose of shielding equipment in radiation safety practices?
What is the difference between PET and SPECT scans?
What is the difference between PET and SPECT scans?
What is the primary advantage of PET/CT scans over PET scans?
What is the primary advantage of PET/CT scans over PET scans?
What is the principle behind MRI technology?
What is the principle behind MRI technology?
What is the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation tests?
What is the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation tests?
What is the purpose of the fluorine-18 tag in PET scans?
What is the purpose of the fluorine-18 tag in PET scans?
What advantage does TEE have over TTE?
What advantage does TEE have over TTE?
Why is sedation or general anesthesia required for TEE?
Why is sedation or general anesthesia required for TEE?
What is the primary mechanism of ultrasound imaging?
What is the primary mechanism of ultrasound imaging?
Why is manipulation of the transducer necessary for optimal ultrasound visualization?
Why is manipulation of the transducer necessary for optimal ultrasound visualization?
Which type of needle is commonly used for regional anesthesia and reflects sound energy away from the transducer?
Which type of needle is commonly used for regional anesthesia and reflects sound energy away from the transducer?
What is the benefit of using echogenic needles in ultrasound-guided nerve blocks?
What is the benefit of using echogenic needles in ultrasound-guided nerve blocks?
What is the purpose of the piezoelectric crystal in the ultrasound transducer?
What is the purpose of the piezoelectric crystal in the ultrasound transducer?
What is the advantage of ultrasound in regional anesthesia?
What is the advantage of ultrasound in regional anesthesia?
What is the minimum energy required for an incident photon to ionize an atom or molecule?
What is the minimum energy required for an incident photon to ionize an atom or molecule?
What is the energy range of X-rays that can cause ionization of cell structures?
What is the energy range of X-rays that can cause ionization of cell structures?
What is the result of an outer orbital electron moving to an inner orbit to fill a vacated space in photoelectric scatter?
What is the result of an outer orbital electron moving to an inner orbit to fill a vacated space in photoelectric scatter?
What is the boundary between ionizing and non-ionizing EM radiation in the UV range?
What is the boundary between ionizing and non-ionizing EM radiation in the UV range?
What is the effect of ionizing radiation on DNA?
What is the effect of ionizing radiation on DNA?
What is the energy range of gamma rays that can cause ionization of cell structures?
What is the energy range of gamma rays that can cause ionization of cell structures?
What is the result of a proton being converted into a neutron, a positron, and a neutrino?
What is the result of a proton being converted into a neutron, a positron, and a neutrino?
What is the purpose of the half-life concept in radioactivity?
What is the purpose of the half-life concept in radioactivity?
What is the type of radiation that occurs when an incident photon collides with an atom and the energy is momentarily absorbed?
What is the type of radiation that occurs when an incident photon collides with an atom and the energy is momentarily absorbed?
What is the result of an electron being captured by the nucleus and combining with a proton to form a neutron?
What is the result of an electron being captured by the nucleus and combining with a proton to form a neutron?
What is the result of an alpha particle emission from an atom of Uranium 238?
What is the result of an alpha particle emission from an atom of Uranium 238?
What is the relationship between the number of half-lives and the remaining atoms of a radioactive isotope?
What is the relationship between the number of half-lives and the remaining atoms of a radioactive isotope?
What is the equivalent dose of a worker who receives 10rads of alpha particles and 5rads of x-rays if the radiation weighting factor for alpha particles is 20 and for x-rays is 1?
What is the equivalent dose of a worker who receives 10rads of alpha particles and 5rads of x-rays if the radiation weighting factor for alpha particles is 20 and for x-rays is 1?
What is the unit of measurement for absorbed dose in SI units?
What is the unit of measurement for absorbed dose in SI units?
What is the relationship between the units of measurement for equivalent dose and absorbed dose?
What is the relationship between the units of measurement for equivalent dose and absorbed dose?
If a worker receives 2.05 Sv of equivalent dose, what is the equivalent dose in rem?
If a worker receives 2.05 Sv of equivalent dose, what is the equivalent dose in rem?
What is the purpose of the radiation weighting factor in calculating equivalent dose?
What is the purpose of the radiation weighting factor in calculating equivalent dose?
What is the unit of measurement for radiation exposure in conventional units?
What is the unit of measurement for radiation exposure in conventional units?
What is the primary advantage of using TEE over TTE?
What is the primary advantage of using TEE over TTE?
What is the purpose of the piezoelectric crystal in the ultrasound transducer?
What is the purpose of the piezoelectric crystal in the ultrasound transducer?
What is the reason for manipulating the transducer during ultrasound imaging?
What is the reason for manipulating the transducer during ultrasound imaging?
Why are echogenic needles used in ultrasound-guided nerve blocks?
Why are echogenic needles used in ultrasound-guided nerve blocks?
What is the reason for sedation or general anesthesia during TEE?
What is the reason for sedation or general anesthesia during TEE?
What is the characteristic of the sound waves used in ultrasound imaging?
What is the characteristic of the sound waves used in ultrasound imaging?
What is the primary mechanism of indirect hit in ionizing radiation?
What is the primary mechanism of indirect hit in ionizing radiation?
What is the purpose of measuring radiation dose in Coulombs/kg (C/kg) in SI units?
What is the purpose of measuring radiation dose in Coulombs/kg (C/kg) in SI units?
What is the result of long-term low-dose ionizing radiation on the human body?
What is the result of long-term low-dose ionizing radiation on the human body?
What is the advantage of using the Sievert (Sv) unit in measuring radiation dose?
What is the advantage of using the Sievert (Sv) unit in measuring radiation dose?
What is the result of mutations to the genes of the reproductive cells due to ionizing radiation?
What is the result of mutations to the genes of the reproductive cells due to ionizing radiation?
What is the difference between the Roentgen (R) and Gray (Gy) units of measurement?
What is the difference between the Roentgen (R) and Gray (Gy) units of measurement?
Study Notes
Radiation Physics
- Ionizing radiation carries enough energy to free electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them.
- Penetrating energies are measured in electron volts (eV), with:
- Alpha particles: 5MeV
- Beta particles: 1.6 MeV
- X-rays: 100eV – 100KeV
- Gamma rays: 300KeV – 10MeV
- Penetrating energies are measured in electron volts (eV), with:
- Non-ionizing radiation is below UV in the EM spectrum, with no damage, including:
- Visible light
- Infrared
- Microwaves
- Radio waves
Radioactive Decay
- Alpha decay: atom of Uranium 238 emits an alpha particle (Helium nucleus)
- Atomic mass (A) and atomic number (Z)
- Beta radiation:
- β− decay (electron emission): neutron → proton + electron + antineutrino
- β+ decay (positron emission): proton → neutron + positron + neutrino
- Electron Capture Decay (“K-capture”): inner shell e- is drawn into the nucleus and combines with a proton
- Half-Life (t1/2): time it takes for radioactivity to decay to half its original value
Scatter Radiation
- Occurs as a result of attenuation of the incident beam to the patient’s body
- Three types:
- Coherent scatter (Thompson scatter)
- Compton scatter
- Photoelectric scatter
Radiation Measurements
- Rad (rad): unit of Absorbed Dose (D)
- Equal to 100 erg (unit of energy)
- Rem (rem): unit of Equivalent Dose (EqD)
- Corresponding SI unit is the Sievert (Sv)
- Radiation Weighting Factors (WR) assigned to each type of radiation
Radiation Biology
- Two types of cell interactions from ionizing radiation:
- Direct hit: breakage of a DNA molecule
- Indirect hit: H2O breakage into H+ + OH- free radicals
- Biologic effects:
- Somatic effects:
- Short-term (hematologic, GI, CNS)
- Long-term (“latent”): cataracts, cancer, shortened life span
- Genetic effects: mutations to reproductive cells
- Somatic effects:
Medical Imaging
- Ionizing tests:
- X-rays
- CT
- Nuclear scans
- Non-ionizing tests:
- Ultrasound
- MRI
- Medical uses of radiation: diagnostic and therapeutic
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Description
Test your understanding of different types of radioactive decay, including alpha decay, beta decay, and electron capture. Learn about the changes in atomic mass and atomic number during these processes.
