Radioactive Decay Types
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Questions and Answers

What is the energy range of ionizing photons in the UV range?

  • Between 10 eV and 33 eV (correct)
  • Between 33 eV and 100 eV
  • Less than 10 eV
  • More than 100 eV

    • What is the primary mechanism of direct hit in ionizing radiation?

  • Disruption of cellular metabolic pathways
  • Damage to DNA through indirect effects on the cell membrane
  • Breakage of DNA molecules by direct interaction with EM or particulate radiation (correct)
  • Breakage of DNA molecules by free radicals

    • What is the time frame for observing short-term effects of ionizing radiation?

  • Between 5-10 years after exposure
  • More than 30 years after exposure
  • Within 3 months of exposure (correct)
  • Within 1 month of exposure

    • What is the unit of measurement for radiation exposure in conventional units?

    <p>Roentgen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of long-term low-dose ionizing radiation on the human eye?

    <p>Cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ionizing radiation on the reproductive system?

    <p>Mutations to the genes of the reproductive cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame for observing long-term effects of ionizing radiation?

    <p>Between 10-15 years after exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for radiation dose in SI units?

    <p>Coulombs/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a neutron being converted into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino in β− decay?

    <p>An electron and an antineutrino are emitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which an inner shell electron is drawn into the nucleus and combines with a proton, forming a neutron and a neutrino?

    <p>Electron capture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of radiation that occurs as a result of attenuation of the incident beam to the patient's body?

    <p>Scatter radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time it takes for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to decay to half its original value?

    <p>Half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an alpha particle emission from an atom of Uranium 238?

    <p>The atomic number decreases by 2 and the atomic mass decreases by 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a proton is converted into a neutron, a positron, and a neutrino?

    <p>Positron emission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of scatter radiation that occurs when an incident photon collides with an atom?

    <p>Coherent scatter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fraction of atoms remaining after seven half-lives?

    <p>1/128</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an incident photon colliding with an inner shell orbital electron in photoelectric scatter?

    <p>The electron is ejected and an outer orbital electron moves to the inner orbit, emitting a new photon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy range of X-rays in electron volts?

    <p>100eV – 100KeV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of energy used to measure the penetrating abilities of ionizing radiation?

    <p>Electron volts (eV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an incident photon colliding with an outer orbital electron in Compton scatter?

    <p>The electron is ejected and the photon is deflected from its original path with decreased energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?

    <p>Ionizing radiation has a higher energy, while non-ionizing radiation has a lower energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy range of gamma rays in electron volts?

    <p>300KeV – 10MeV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ionizing radiation on cell structures?

    <p>It causes severe cellular damage by ionizing cell structures, organelles, and DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation has a velocity of approximately 5% of the speed of light?

    <p>Alpha particle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of wearing devices such as dosimeters or film badges in occupational exposure?

    <p>To monitor the cumulative doses received by an individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym ALARA stand for in radiation safety practices?

    <p>As Low As Reasonably Achievable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of shielding equipment in radiation safety practices?

    <p>To reduce radiation exposure to personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between PET and SPECT scans?

    <p>PET uses a beta emitter, while SPECT uses a gamma emitting radioisotope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of PET/CT scans over PET scans?

    <p>PET/CT combines anatomical and functional information in one test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind MRI technology?

    <p>Magnetic field aligns hydrogen molecules, which are then disturbed by radiofrequency pulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation tests?

    <p>Ionizing tests use higher energy radiation, while non-ionizing tests use lower energy radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the fluorine-18 tag in PET scans?

    <p>To tag glucose molecules for uptake in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does TEE have over TTE?

    <p>Closer proximity of the heart to the esophagus, reducing tissue interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is sedation or general anesthesia required for TEE?

    <p>To facilitate the passage of the transducer through the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of ultrasound imaging?

    <p>Reflection of high-frequency sound waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is manipulation of the transducer necessary for optimal ultrasound visualization?

    <p>To change the direction of the sound waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of needle is commonly used for regional anesthesia and reflects sound energy away from the transducer?

    <p>Smooth needles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using echogenic needles in ultrasound-guided nerve blocks?

    <p>They reflect sound energy towards the transducer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the piezoelectric crystal in the ultrasound transducer?

    <p>To generate high-frequency sound waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of ultrasound in regional anesthesia?

    <p>It provides real-time visualization of the needle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum energy required for an incident photon to ionize an atom or molecule?

    <p>100eV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy range of X-rays that can cause ionization of cell structures?

    <p>100eV – 100KeV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an outer orbital electron moving to an inner orbit to fill a vacated space in photoelectric scatter?

    <p>The emission of a new photon with decreased energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boundary between ionizing and non-ionizing EM radiation in the UV range?

    <p>Not sharply defined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ionizing radiation on DNA?

    <p>It causes severe cellular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy range of gamma rays that can cause ionization of cell structures?

    <p>300KeV – 10MeV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a proton being converted into a neutron, a positron, and a neutrino?

    <p>A proton is converted into a neutron, a positron, and a neutrino</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the half-life concept in radioactivity?

    <p>To measure the time it takes for the radioactivity to decay to half its original value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of radiation that occurs when an incident photon collides with an atom and the energy is momentarily absorbed?

    <p>Coherent scatter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an electron being captured by the nucleus and combining with a proton to form a neutron?

    <p>A neutrino is emitted from the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an alpha particle emission from an atom of Uranium 238?

    <p>A helium nucleus is emitted from the atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of half-lives and the remaining atoms of a radioactive isotope?

    <p>The number of remaining atoms is halved for each half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent dose of a worker who receives 10rads of alpha particles and 5rads of x-rays if the radiation weighting factor for alpha particles is 20 and for x-rays is 1?

    <p>205 rem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for absorbed dose in SI units?

    <p>Gray</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the units of measurement for equivalent dose and absorbed dose?

    <p>1 Sv = 100 rem and 1 Gy = 100 rad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a worker receives 2.05 Sv of equivalent dose, what is the equivalent dose in rem?

    <p>20.5 rem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the radiation weighting factor in calculating equivalent dose?

    <p>To account for the difference in biologic effects of different types of radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for radiation exposure in conventional units?

    <p>Roentgen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using TEE over TTE?

    <p>Better visualization of heart structures due to fewer tissues between the esophagus and heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the piezoelectric crystal in the ultrasound transducer?

    <p>To generate high frequency sound waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for manipulating the transducer during ultrasound imaging?

    <p>To optimize the visualization of internal structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are echogenic needles used in ultrasound-guided nerve blocks?

    <p>To increase the reflection of sound energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for sedation or general anesthesia during TEE?

    <p>To ensure the patient remains still during the procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the sound waves used in ultrasound imaging?

    <p>High frequency and low amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of indirect hit in ionizing radiation?

    <p>H2O breakage into H+ + OH- free radicals, which then chemically damage DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring radiation dose in Coulombs/kg (C/kg) in SI units?

    <p>To quantify the amount of ionizing radiation absorbed by a material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of long-term low-dose ionizing radiation on the human body?

    <p>Cancer and shortened life span</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using the Sievert (Sv) unit in measuring radiation dose?

    <p>It takes into account the biological effects of radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of mutations to the genes of the reproductive cells due to ionizing radiation?

    <p>Mutations carried over to progeny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the Roentgen (R) and Gray (Gy) units of measurement?

    <p>Roentgen (R) is a unit of measurement for radiation exposure, while Gray (Gy) is a unit of measurement for radiation dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Radiation Physics

    • Ionizing radiation carries enough energy to free electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them.
      • Penetrating energies are measured in electron volts (eV), with:
        • Alpha particles: 5MeV
        • Beta particles: 1.6 MeV
        • X-rays: 100eV – 100KeV
        • Gamma rays: 300KeV – 10MeV
    • Non-ionizing radiation is below UV in the EM spectrum, with no damage, including:
      • Visible light
      • Infrared
      • Microwaves
      • Radio waves

    Radioactive Decay

    • Alpha decay: atom of Uranium 238 emits an alpha particle (Helium nucleus)
      • Atomic mass (A) and atomic number (Z)
    • Beta radiation:
      • β− decay (electron emission): neutron → proton + electron + antineutrino
      • β+ decay (positron emission): proton → neutron + positron + neutrino
    • Electron Capture Decay (“K-capture”): inner shell e- is drawn into the nucleus and combines with a proton
    • Half-Life (t1/2): time it takes for radioactivity to decay to half its original value

    Scatter Radiation

    • Occurs as a result of attenuation of the incident beam to the patient’s body
    • Three types:
      • Coherent scatter (Thompson scatter)
      • Compton scatter
      • Photoelectric scatter

    Radiation Measurements

    • Rad (rad): unit of Absorbed Dose (D)
      • Equal to 100 erg (unit of energy)
    • Rem (rem): unit of Equivalent Dose (EqD)
      • Corresponding SI unit is the Sievert (Sv)
    • Radiation Weighting Factors (WR) assigned to each type of radiation

    Radiation Biology

    • Two types of cell interactions from ionizing radiation:
      • Direct hit: breakage of a DNA molecule
      • Indirect hit: H2O breakage into H+ + OH- free radicals
    • Biologic effects:
      • Somatic effects:
        • Short-term (hematologic, GI, CNS)
        • Long-term (“latent”): cataracts, cancer, shortened life span
      • Genetic effects: mutations to reproductive cells

    Medical Imaging

    • Ionizing tests:
      • X-rays
      • CT
      • Nuclear scans
    • Non-ionizing tests:
      • Ultrasound
      • MRI
    • Medical uses of radiation: diagnostic and therapeutic

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