Nuclear Physics Quiz

<p>Protons and neutrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Either a proton or a neutron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No charge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately spherical. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta particle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Her work on radioactivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are deflected upward (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability of decay per nucleus per second (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are high-energy photons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can penetrate a few mm of aluminum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Henri Becquerel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They undergo disintegration due to instability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discovered the electron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thomson's Model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the atom's nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only specific orbits, called stationary states, are stable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emission of electromagnetic radiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only certain orbits are allowed and stable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Niels Bohr (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of decays per second (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The time required for half of the undecayed nuclei to decay (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are neutral particles, not interacting electrically. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paraffin and water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage to DNA in the cell's nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type and energy of the radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy increase of 1 kg of biological tissue by 1 x 10-2 J (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha particles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biological damage produced by a specific radiation compared to standard x-radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The biological effect of radiation on humans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.50 rem/yr (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tracing chemicals in reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ingestion or inhalation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rapid division of cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gray (Gy) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contributes to about 0.13 rem/yr of exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They prevent electrons from emitting energy while in motion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rutherford’s model concentrated positive charge in a nucleus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The atom emits energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear forces hold electrons in specific orbits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Establishing that stable electron orbits are determined by quantum numbers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has no charge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sum of protons and neutrons in a nucleus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A universal constant related to energy and frequency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most atomic mass is located in the nucleus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It transitions to a higher energy level. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nuclear attractive force (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All nuclei have nearly the same density regardless of size (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy released when a nucleus forms from separate nucleons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When separation exceeds several fermis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy nuclei need more neutrons than protons for stability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The frequency of emitted radiation during an atomic energy level transition is determined by the difference in energy levels.

The frequency of emitted radiation during an atomic energy level transition is independent of the electron's orbital frequency.

The change in energy (ΔE) during a transition is equal to the product of Planck's constant (h) and the frequency (f) of the emitted radiation: ΔE = hf.

Nuclei are made up of protons and neutrons, except for ordinary hydrogen.

The atomic number is equivalent to the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

The neutron number is the count of neutrons within an atom's nucleus.

The mass number is the total count of nucleons (protons and neutrons).

A unit of mass used to express atomic and nuclear masses, defined as one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

A model of the atom where a volume of positive charge is present, and electrons are embedded throughout this volume.

An atom's positive charge is concentrated in a small, dense center called the nucleus, with electrons orbiting it.

Certain electron orbits are stable, where the atom doesn't emit electromagnetic energy during an electron's motion.

An electron shifting from a higher energy orbit to a lower energy one, resulting in the emission of electromagnetic radiation.

The attractive force between positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons.

Acceleration that keeps an object moving in a circular path, like electrons orbiting the nucleus.

Dense, central core of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

Stable electron orbits in an atom where the electron doesn't radiate energy.

The spontaneous emission of radiation, resulting from the decay of unstable atomic nuclei.

A type of radiation, positively charged, consisting of 4He nuclei.

A type of radiation; negatively or positively charged, consisting of electrons or positrons.

A type of electromagnetic radiation emitted during radioactive decay, high-energy photons. They have no electric charge.

A value that determines the probability of decay per nucleus per second.

The process by which unstable atomic nuclei spontaneously release energy in the form of particles and/or electromagnetic radiation.

The ability of various types of radiation to penetrate different materials.

dN/dt = -λN; N = No e^(-λt), where N is the number of undecayed nuclei at time t.

A process where the number of radioactive nuclei decreases exponentially over time, meaning it halves every fixed time interval.

The rate at which radioactive nuclei decay, measured in decays per second.

Another name for decay rate, indicating how radioactive a sample is.

The time it takes for half of the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay.

N = No (½)n, where No is the initial number of nuclei and n is the number of half-lives.

A unit of radioactivity, equal to 3.7 x 10^10 decays per second.

The SI unit of radioactivity, equal to 1 decay per second.

A process where a heavy nucleus splits into two lighter nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy.

The harmful effects caused by radiation absorption in matter, affecting materials and biological organisms.

The process of bombarding materials, like reactor metals, with neutrons, causing damage through atomic displacement and property changes.

Radiation damage affecting any body cells except reproductive cells, potentially leading to cancer at high doses.

Radiation damage that affects reproductive cells, leading to defects in offspring.

Significant damage caused by alpha particles, but their penetration is shallow due to strong interactions with other charged particles.

Neutrons penetrate deeper than alpha particles due to minimal interaction with materials, causing significant damage within.

A unit measuring the amount of ionizing radiation that produces a specific amount of charge in air under standard conditions.

A unit measuring the amount of energy absorbed by a material (like biological tissue) due to radiation.

A unit of radiation dosage that accounts for the type of radiation and its biological impact. It is calculated by multiplying the absorbed dose in rads by the RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness) factor.

A factor that quantifies the different biological effects of different types of radiation. It compares the damage caused by a specific type of radiation to the damage caused by X-rays.

Radiation naturally present in the environment from sources like rocks, soil, and cosmic rays.

The maximum permissible radiation exposure for workers in industries dealing with radioactive materials.

The International System of Units (SI) uses Gray (Gy) for absorbed dose and Sievert (Sv) for equivalent dose, replacing rad and rem respectively.

Using radioactive particles to follow the movement of chemicals in reactions or biological processes.

A technique that uses neutrons to identify the elements present in a sample.

A cancer treatment method that uses radiation to damage and kill rapidly dividing cancer cells.

Radioactive radiation comes in three main types: alpha (He nuclei), beta (electrons), and gamma (high-energy photons).

Rutherford's scattering experiments with alpha particles showed that the atom's positive charge is concentrated in a small dense center called the nucleus, with electrons orbiting it.

A nucleon is a general term for either a proton or a neutron, the building blocks of the nucleus.

The atomic mass unit (u) is a unit of mass used to express atomic and nuclear masses. It is defined as one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

The mass number (A) is the sum of protons (Z) and neutrons (N) in the nucleus: A = Z + N.

The average radius of a nucleus is approximately proportional to the cube root of the mass number (A). It's calculated using the formula r ≈ aA^(1/3), where 'a' is a constant (≈ 1.2 x 10^-15 m).

The density of a nucleus is remarkably constant across different elements. This means that nuclei are tightly packed with nucleons, similar to a solid sphere.

A strong, attractive force that acts between all nucleons (protons and neutrons) within the nucleus. It counteracts the electrostatic repulsion between protons, keeping the nucleus stable.

Heavy nuclei, with a higher number of protons (Z), require a larger number of neutrons (N) to maintain stability. This is because the repulsive Coulomb force between protons increases with more protons, requiring more neutrons to provide additional attractive force.

The binding energy of a nucleus is the energy required to separate all its nucleons (protons and neutrons) into individual particles. It represents the energy released when nucleons bind together to form the nucleus.