Radiation Protection Somatic Effects Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is Radon?

  • A gene responsible for cancer
  • A type of cancer
  • A type of radiation
  • A colorless, odorless, heavy radioactive gas that is a decay product of uranium (correct)

    • What are carcinogens?

    Cancer-causing agents.

    What is carcinogenesis?

    The development of cancer.

    What are carcinomas?

    <p>Solid tumors that start in the epithelial tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a gene?

    <p>The basic unit of heredity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gene amplification?

    <p>The over-expression of a gene due to extra copies in a cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gene p53?

    <p>A key suppressor gene that kills malignant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is leukemia?

    <p>A neoplastic overproduction of white blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are oncogenes?

    <p>Genes that direct a cell to function abnormally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are point mutations?

    <p>The genetic mutation that results from a change in a single base pair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are proto-oncogenes?

    <p>The source of oncogenes that participate in normal cell growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reciprocal translocation?

    <p>A multi-hit aberration involving broken chromosomes that can lead to cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are sarcomas?

    <p>Cancers that begin in connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are somatic cells?

    <p>All the cells in the human body except the germ cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are suppressor genes?

    <p>Genes that suppress the replication of malignant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are somatic effects?

    <p>Biologic damage to the exposed individual caused by exposure to ionizing radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are early somatic effects?

    <p>Effects that appear within minutes, hours, days or weeks after exposure to ionizing radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are late somatic effects?

    <p>Effects that appear months, years, or decades after exposure to ionizing radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nonstochastic effects?

    <p>Biological somatic effects of ionizing radiation directly related to the dose received.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nonstochastic early effects?

    <p>Symptoms like nausea, fatigue, and intestinal disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nonstochastic late effects?

    <p>Cataracts, life span shortening, and organ atrophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are stochastic effects?

    <p>Randomly occurring biological somatic changes where the chance of occurrence is proportional to the dose of ionizing radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are stochastic late effects?

    <p>Carcinogenesis and embryologic effects or birth defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ring formation?

    <p>The formation that results when the ends of a severed chromosome join and form a ring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a dicentric chromosome?

    <p>A chromosome with two centromeres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an acentric chromosome?

    <p>A chromosome fragment that has no centromere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reciprocal translocation aberration?

    <p>A multi-hit aberration involving the attachment of chromosome fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cancer?

    <p>The most important late stochastic somatic effect caused by exposure to ionizing radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are genetic effects?

    <p>Effects transmitted to future generations due to mutations in reproductive cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases cancer probability with radiation exposure?

    <p>The greater the radiation exposure dose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells can become cancerous?

    <p>All human cells, although it is more common in certain parts of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes cancer?

    <p>Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Relative Risk?

    <p>A risk model used to estimate late radiation effects on large populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the latent period?

    <p>The period between exposure to a cancer-causing agent and the expression of cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should radiographers follow extensive personal radiation protection procedures?

    <p>A link has been established between radiation exposure and cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population group has the highest risk of developing cancer?

    <p>Men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of developing cancer from radiation exposure during diagnostic imaging?

    <p>Extremely low.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation?

    <p>A group directing many of the risk studies related to radiation exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of skin cancer?

    <p>Over-exposure to sun and ultraviolet light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary types of carcinogens?

    <p>Chemicals and radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the severity of cancer dose dependent?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do the diagnostic benefits of radiography outweigh any possible risk of radiation-induced cancer?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the latent period of a solid tumor?

    <p>20 to 50 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is gene p53 different from other genes?

    <p>It suppresses and kills tumors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately how many diseases are grouped under the term cancer?

    <ol start="100"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most common sites for cancer to develop?

    <p>Blood-forming tissue, lymphatic system, skin, uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which radiation dose-response relationship do leukemia and breast cancer follow?

    <p>Linear-quadratic radiation dose response relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are normal expectations of cancer higher among men than women?

    <p>Men smoke more than women and face more occupational hazards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the risk of developing cancer greater in younger individuals exposed to ionizing radiation?

    <p>Older individuals may die before the end of the latent period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal activity of cancer?

    <p>Remains in one place in the body and spreads to other parts through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can radiation exposure activate oncogenes?

    <p>Through gene amplification, chromosomal reciprocal translocation, or point mutation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of a woman developing breast cancer?

    <p>1 in 9.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number one cancer killer?

    <p>Lung cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal latent period for thyroid cancer?

    <p>10 to 20 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cancers can be traced to occupational exposure to chemicals or environmental pollution?

    <p>Approximately 5%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dose of ionizing radiation does not increase the probability of developing cancer?

    <ol start="0"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall 5-year survival rate of persons with lung cancer?

    <p>13%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases the risk of breast cancer for women?

    <p>Age over 50, previous case of breast cancer, childlessness, first child after 30.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is absolute risk?

    <p>The prediction of cancer risk following radiation exposure in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cancers results from exposure to carcinogens or hereditary genetic mutations?

    <p>Approximately 80%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dose-response relationship does cancer follow?

    <p>Linear-nonthreshold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Radiation Protection Somatic Effects

    • Radon: A heavy, radioactive gas, colorless and odorless, formed from uranium decay.
    • Carcinogens: Agents that can cause cancer in living tissue.
    • Carcinogenesis: Process leading to the creation of cancer cells.
    • Carcinomas: Solid tumors originating from epithelial tissue; significant cancer category.
    • Gene: Basic heredity unit on chromosomes composed of DNA, containing specific sequences related to characteristics.
    • Gene amplification: Increase in the expression of a gene due to extra copies found in a cell.
    • Gene p53: An important tumor suppressor gene that can also induce cell death in malignant cells.
    • Leukemia: Abnormal proliferation of white blood cells, literally referred to as "white blood".
    • Oncogenes: Genes that lead to abnormal cellular functions, increasing cancer risk.
    • Point mutations: Genetic lesions occurring from the alteration or loss of a single DNA base pair.
    • Proto-oncogenes: Normal genes that, when mutated, become oncogenes, involved in cell growth regulation.
    • Reciprocal translocation: Chromosomal alteration where pieces of adjacent chromosomes exchange, possibly causing cancer.
    • Sarcomas: Cancers originating in connective tissues; another major cancer category.
    • Somatic cells: All human body cells except for reproductive (germ) cells.
    • Suppressor genes: Genes that inhibit malignant cell replication.
    • Somatic effects: Biological damage to individuals exposed to ionizing radiation.
    • Early somatic effects: Occur shortly after radiation exposure, within minutes to weeks.
    • Late somatic effects: Long-term consequences, manifesting months to decades post-exposure and can stem from high doses or low-level accumulations.
    • Nonstochastic effects (deterministic): Effects directly related to radiation dose; severity increases with dose, below a threshold they do not occur.
    • Nonstochastic early effects: Symptoms include nausea, fatigue, and skin reactions following early radiation exposure.
    • Nonstochastic late effects: Long-term issues like cataracts and organ atrophy arising from previous high radiation doses.
    • Stochastic effects (probabilistic): Randomly occurring mutations linked to radiation exposure; the probability of occurrence increases with doses.
    • Stochastic late effects: Includes cancer development and embryologic defects.
    • Ring formation: Designates cell death due to chromosome ends joining to form a ring structure.
    • Dicentric chromosomes: Chromosomes with two centromeres; typically lead to cell death.
    • Acentric chromosomes: Chromosomal fragments lacking a centromere.
    • Reciprocal translocation aberration: Common radiation-induced chromosomal changes; may not result in immediate cell death but increase cancer risk.
    • Cancer: A major stochastic effect from radiation exposure featuring uncontrolled cell growth; can metastasize to distant regions.
    • Genetic effects: Mutations in reproductive cells potentially passed to future generations after exposure.
    • Radiation exposure: Direct correlation between increased doses and cancer probability.
    • Vulnerability: All cells can be cancerous, but certain tissues are more susceptible to malignancies.
    • Cancer characteristics: Marked by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells.
    • Relative Risk: A model estimating cancer incidence increase in large populations with unknown radiation doses.
    • Latent period: Time frame between exposure to a carcinogen and the manifestation of cancer symptoms.
    • Radiographers' precautions: Essential due to proven links between radiation exposure and cancer risks.
    • Population risk: Higher risk for men compared to women, influenced by lifestyle factors like smoking.
    • Cancer from diagnostic imaging: Risk is minimal with very low incidence rates.
    • Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR): Committee guiding research on radiation exposure effects.
    • Skin cancer etiology: Most commonly arises from excessive sun and UV light exposure.
    • Main carcinogens: Include chemicals and radiation sources.
    • Cancer severity and dose: Severity is not necessarily dose-dependent.
    • Benefits vs. risks: Advantages of radiographic procedures generally outweigh radiation exposure risks.
    • Latent period for tumors: Ranges from 20 to 50 years for solid tumors.
    • Gene p53 function: Distinct for its ability to suppress and eliminate tumor cells.
    • Cancer diversity: Approximately 100 distinct diseases classified under cancer.
    • Common cancer sites: Predominantly blood, lymphatic system, skin, and uterus.
    • Radiation dose-response: Leukemia and breast cancer follow a linear-quadratic response relationship.
    • Cancer risk factors for men: Higher levels of smoking and occupational hazards contribute to increased incidence.
    • Ionizing radiation effects: Younger individuals have a heightened risk for developing cancer due to longer latent periods.
    • Cancer progression: Initially localized, with potential for systemic spreading via blood or lymphatic systems.
    • Oncogene activation: Can result from genetic changes like amplification and translocation.
    • Breast cancer probability: Approximately 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer.
    • Leading cancer mortality: Lung cancer is the predominant cause of cancer-related deaths.
    • Thyroid cancer latent period: Typically varies from 10 to 20 years.
    • Occupational cancers: An estimated 5% linked to chemical or environmental pollution exposure.
    • Safe radiation exposure threshold: No exposure increases the cancer risk.
    • Lung cancer survival rates: The overall 5-year survival rate is about 13%.
    • Breast cancer risk factors: Include over 50 years of age, previous cancer history, nulliparity, and late childbirth.
    • Absolute Risk: Precise prediction of cancer incidences due to specific radiation doses.
    • Cancer origins: Approximately 80% of cancers arise from carcinogens or genetic mutations.
    • Cancer dose-response relationship: Almost universally follows a linear-nonthreshold model.

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    Explore key terms related to somatic effects of radiation through flashcards. This quiz includes essential vocabulary and definitions that are crucial in understanding the impact of radiation on health, including carcinogens and carcinogenesis.

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