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Questions and Answers
What defines radiation as energy traveling through space?
What defines radiation as energy traveling through space?
Which of the following types of radiation is known to cause damage to living tissue?
Which of the following types of radiation is known to cause damage to living tissue?
What components make up an atom?
What components make up an atom?
What is the mass of a proton in kilograms?
What is the mass of a proton in kilograms?
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How does the number of electrons in an atom relate to the number of protons?
How does the number of electrons in an atom relate to the number of protons?
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What does the mass number (A) represent in the context of an atom?
What does the mass number (A) represent in the context of an atom?
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Which statement correctly describes a neutron?
Which statement correctly describes a neutron?
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What is the atomic number (Z) indicative of in an atom?
What is the atomic number (Z) indicative of in an atom?
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Which scenario describes isotopes?
Which scenario describes isotopes?
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How is the mass of a single atom determined using molecular weight?
How is the mass of a single atom determined using molecular weight?
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Study Notes
Radiation Physics and Instruments (1)
- Course: Radiation Physics and Instruments (1)
- Semester: First Semester 2025
- Course Code: RIRP202
- Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Yasser Rammah
Radiation
- Radiation is energy traveling through space.
- Sunshine is a common form of radiation.
- Radiation delivers energy, light, heat, and suntans.
- People control their exposure to radiation.
- Higher-energy radiation is used in medicine.
- People are exposed to low doses of radiation from space, air, and earth.
- Collectively, these kinds of radiation are called ionizing radiation.
- Ionizing radiation can damage matter, especially living tissue.
- High levels of ionizing radiation are dangerous and require controlled exposure.
The Atom
- All matter is made up of atoms.
- Atoms are the smallest components of an element and are made up of three particles:
- Protons
- Neutrons
- Electrons
- The atom is mostly empty space.
- Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus.
- The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons.
- Electrons orbit the nucleus.
- Atoms are extremely small; a teaspoon of water contains many more atoms than teaspoons found in the Atlantic Ocean.
Standard Nuclear Notation
- Mass number (A) = number of protons (Z) + number of neutrons (N)
- Atomic number (Z) = number of protons
- Chemical symbol (X)
Let's Practice
- Examples of determining the number of protons and neutrons in various atoms are shown.
The Nucleus.
- Nucleons are particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
- Protons are positively charged particles.
- Neutrons have no electrical charge.
- Atomic number (Z) = number of protons
- Mass number (A) = number of protons + neutrons
- Isotopes are atoms with same atomic number (Z) but different mass numbers (A).
- Nuclide refers to each individual unique atom.
Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)
- Atomic masses can be expressed in grams or unified atomic mass units (u).
- One mole of any substance contains 6.02 x 10²³ molecules (Avogadro's number).
- The mass in grams of one mole is equal to the molecular weight of the substance.
- The mass of a single atom can be calculated.
- For example, for 12C, 1 mole is 12g.
Atomic Structure
- Diagram showing the structure of an atom (nucleus and electrons in shells).
Fundamental Particles
- Table listing fundamental particles (protons, neutrons, electrons, positrons, alpha particles) with their symbols, relative charge, mass (amu), and approximate energy equivalent (MeV).
Definitions
- Isotopes: Nuclei with same atomic number (Z) but different number of neutrons, hence different mass numbers.
- Nucleon: A particle inside the nucleus (either a proton or a neutron).
- Nuclide: A specific nucleus with given numbers of protons and neutrons.
- Isobars: Nuclei with the same mass number (A) but different atomic numbers (Z).
- Isotones: Nuclides with the same number of neutrons.
- Isomers: Nuclides with same atomic number (Z) and mass number (A) but differing energy states; they remain in excited states longer than 10-5 sec.
- Mirror Nuclei: Nuclides with same mass number (A) where the proton number (Z) in one equals the neutron number (N) in the other.
Binding Energy
- Binding energy is the energy required to separate a particle from a system or disperse all particles in a system.
- Binding energy depends on the shell and the atomic number.
- The energy increases as the atomic number increases.
Electromagnetic Waves
- Equations for energy, frequency, and wavelength showing the relationship.
- Diagram of an electromagnetic wave showing the amplitude, wavelength, and propagation velocity.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Table of the electromagnetic spectrum listing different types of electromagnetic radiation: radio waves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays with wavelength, frequency, and energy values.
- Diagram showing the electromagnetic spectrum with the types of radiation ordered from longest to shortest wavelength. The spectrum ranges from non-ionizing to ionizing radiation.
Ionizing vs. Non-Ionizing Radiation
- Non-ionizing radiation is radiation that isn't energetic enough to remove electrons from atoms or molecules.
- Ionizing radiation is radiation that has sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms or molecules.
- Examples of ionizing radiation: alpha, beta, gamma, X-rays, and neutrons.
Why is it called ionizing?
- Ionizing radiation creates ions (atoms with a charge) by removing electrons from atoms.
Penetration Abilities
- Different types of radiation have different penetrating abilities.
- Alpha particles have the lowest penetrating ability.
- Beta particles have higher penetrating ability than alpha particles.
- Gamma rays have the highest penetrating ability.
Inverse Square Law for Radiation
- The intensity of radiation decreases with the square of the distance from the source.
Properties Considered When Ionizing Radiation Measured
- The strength or radioactivity of the source.
- The energy of the radiation.
- The level of radiation in the environment.
- The radiation dose (absorbed energy).
Units of Radiation
- Roentgen (R): Unit of exposure for electromagnetic radiation.
- Rad: Unit of absorbed dose measures energy deposited by radiation in a material.
- Rem: Unit of dose equivalent.
- Curie (Ci): Unit of radioactivity, measures the decay rate of radioactive material.
- Electron Volt (eV): Unit of energy associated with the movement of an electron across an electric potential difference of one volt.
- Gray (Gy): International System unit of absorbed dose.
Practical Units
- Ionizing radiation penetrates human bodies and deposits energy.
- Absorbed dose: The amount of energy deposited per kilogram of material.
- Gray (Gy): The SI unit for absorbed dose.
- Rad: The traditional unit for absorbed dose.
Equivalent Dose
- Equivalent dose considers the type of radiation and its effect on tissue.
- Sievert (Sv): The SI unit for equivalent dose.
Effective Dose
- Effective dose accounts for the different sensitivities of various organs to radiation.
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Description
Test your understanding of radiation physics and atomic structure in this quiz for the Radiation Physics and Instruments (1) course. Explore the different types of radiation, their effects on matter, and the components of atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. Perfect for students taking this course in the first semester of 2025.
