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Questions and Answers
Which muscle is the most superficial in the flexor compartment of the forearm?
Which muscle inserts into the pisiform and hamate carpal bones and the base of the fifth metacarpal?
Which muscle divides into four tendons and passes underneath the flexor retinaculum?
Which muscle is a powerful pronator of the forearm and has two heads?
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Which muscle inserts into the palmar aponeurosis over the central region of the palm of the hand?
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Which muscle is a flexor and abductor of the wrist and inserts into the base of the second and third metacarpal bones?
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Which muscle is the only intermediate muscle in the flexor compartment of the forearm?
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Which muscle is responsible for flexing the proximal interphalangeal joints of the digits?
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Which muscle is responsible for flexing the distal interphalangeal joints of the digits?
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Which muscle is a powerful flexor of the thumb?
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Which muscle is attached at the distal ends of the radius and ulna and pronates the forearm?
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Which muscle extends and abducts the wrist?
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Which muscle extends the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2 to 5?
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Which muscle is an accessory extensor of digit 2 and is a deep muscle?
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Which artery passes deep into the forearm and divides into the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries?
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Which artery is relatively superficial at the wrist and passes into the palm of the hand?
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Which artery winds dorsally at the wrist and crosses through the anatomical snuff box?
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Which nerve supplies the ulnar side of flexor digitorum profundus?
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Which nerve supplies all the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm except for flexor carpi ulnaris and the ulnar side of flexor digitorum profundus?
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Which nerve supplies the muscles and skin over the posterior aspect of the upper limb?
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Which structures pass through the carpal tunnel?
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Which structures in the carpal tunnel get compressed in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
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What are the symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
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In Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, where would numbness be experienced in the hand?
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Which muscles are affected by weakness in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
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What causes the compression of structures in the carpal tunnel in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
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Which nerve is responsible for the sensory distribution in the lateral 2 lumbricals of the hand?
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Which branch of the median nerve does not go through the carpal tunnel?
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What is the function of the thenar muscles in the hand?
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What can be used to draw the sensory distribution of the Median, Ulnar, and Radial nerves on the hand?
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Study Notes
Forearm Musculature
- The most superficial muscle in the flexor compartment of the forearm is flexor carpi radialis.
- Flexor carpi ulnaris inserts into the pisiform and hamate carpal bones, as well as the base of the fifth metacarpal.
- Flexor digitorum superficialis divides into four tendons that pass underneath the flexor retinaculum.
- Pronator teres is a powerful pronator of the forearm, consisting of two heads.
- Palmaris longus inserts into the palmar aponeurosis over the palm's central region.
- Flexor carpi radialis acts as both a flexor and abductor of the wrist, inserting into the bases of the second and third metacarpals.
- Flexor digitorum superficialis is the only intermediate muscle in the flexor compartment of the forearm.
- Flexor digitorum profundus is responsible for flexing the proximal interphalangeal joints of digits.
- Flexor digitorum profundus also flexes the distal interphalangeal joints of the digits.
- Flexor pollicis longus is a powerful flexor of the thumb.
- Pronator quadratus is attached at the distal ends of the radius and ulna, aiding in forearm pronation.
- Extensor carpi radialis longus extends and abducts the wrist.
- Extensor digitorum extends the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2 to 5.
- Extensor indicis serves as an accessory extensor for digit 2 and is considered a deep muscle.
Blood Supply to the Forearm
- The common interosseous artery passes deep into the forearm, dividing into anterior and posterior interosseous arteries.
- The radial artery is relatively superficial at the wrist, transitioning into the palm of the hand.
- The dorsal artery winds dorsally at the wrist, crossing through the anatomical snuff box.
Nervous Innervation in the Forearm
- The ulnar nerve supplies the ulnar side of the flexor digitorum profundus.
- The median nerve innervates all muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm except flexor carpi ulnaris and the ulnar side of flexor digitorum profundus.
- The radial nerve supplies muscles and skin over the posterior aspect of the upper limb.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- The following structures pass through the carpal tunnel: tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, and the median nerve.
- In Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus may get compressed.
- Symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome include numbness, tingling, and pain in the hand.
- Numbness in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is typically experienced in the lateral aspect of the hand, especially the thumb, index, and middle fingers.
- Weakness in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome often affects the thenar muscles due to median nerve involvement.
- Compression in the carpal tunnel can be caused by repetitive activities, inflammation, or swelling of tendons.
Additional Nerve Functions
- The median nerve provides sensory distribution to the lateral two lumbricals of the hand.
- The palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve does not pass through the carpal tunnel.
- The thenar muscles function in thumb opposition, flexion, and abduction.
Visualizing Nerve Distribution
- Sensory distribution maps of the Median, Ulnar, and Radial nerves in the hand can be created using drawings or diagrams to illustrate areas of innervation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the radial and ulnar arteries and their anatomical location in the forearm and wrist. Learn about the branches and functions of these important blood vessels.
