Podcast
Questions and Answers
How does increasing the kVp affect the x-ray beam's characteristics regarding quantity and quality?
How does increasing the kVp affect the x-ray beam's characteristics regarding quantity and quality?
- Decreases both beam quantity and quality.
- Increases beam quantity while decreasing beam quality.
- Increases both beam quantity and quality. (correct)
- Increases beam quality while decreasing beam quantity.
What is the primary component of radiation that exits the x-ray tube before interacting with the patient?
What is the primary component of radiation that exits the x-ray tube before interacting with the patient?
- Scattered radiation from the collimator.
- Secondary radiation resulting from interactions in the tube housing.
- Primary radiation emitted from the x-ray tube. (correct)
- Characteristic radiation produced within the patient.
When using an Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) system during radiography, what parameter does the system primarily manage?
When using an Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) system during radiography, what parameter does the system primarily manage?
- Exposure time(s) to achieve optimal receptor exposure. (correct)
- Focal spot size to maximize image sharpness.
- Kilovoltage (kVp) to control image contrast.
- Source-to-Image Distance (SID) for optimal resolution.
How does increased scatter radiation generally affect the radiographic image?
How does increased scatter radiation generally affect the radiographic image?
Which of the following human tissues typically attenuates the most x-ray photons?
Which of the following human tissues typically attenuates the most x-ray photons?
Why are x-ray beams composed of photons with a spectrum of different energies?
Why are x-ray beams composed of photons with a spectrum of different energies?
In digital radiography (DR), what does the deviation index (DI) indicate regarding image quality?
In digital radiography (DR), what does the deviation index (DI) indicate regarding image quality?
What is the absorbed dose a measure of?
What is the absorbed dose a measure of?
What is the relationship between Gray (Gy) and Joules per kilogram (J/kg)?
What is the relationship between Gray (Gy) and Joules per kilogram (J/kg)?
When is absorbed dose applicable?
When is absorbed dose applicable?
What does DAP (Dose Area Product) measure, and how is it typically displayed?
What does DAP (Dose Area Product) measure, and how is it typically displayed?
How is Equivalent Dose (H) calculated from Absorbed Dose (Gy) and Radiation Weighting Factor (WR)?
How is Equivalent Dose (H) calculated from Absorbed Dose (Gy) and Radiation Weighting Factor (WR)?
How is effective dose ($E$) calculated from the equivalent dose ($H_T$)?
How is effective dose ($E$) calculated from the equivalent dose ($H_T$)?
Which of the following organs has the highest tissue weighting factor ($W_T$)?
Which of the following organs has the highest tissue weighting factor ($W_T$)?
According to ICRP 2007, publication 103, what is the tissue weighting factor ($W_T$) for the gonads?
According to ICRP 2007, publication 103, what is the tissue weighting factor ($W_T$) for the gonads?
Which of the following is NOT true regarding Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs)?
Which of the following is NOT true regarding Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs)?
What is the typical range of ESD (Entrance Skin Dose) per radiograph for a chest AP examination on an adult patient, according to the National Diagnostic Reference Levels?
What is the typical range of ESD (Entrance Skin Dose) per radiograph for a chest AP examination on an adult patient, according to the National Diagnostic Reference Levels?
What is the typical DAP (Dose Area Product) per radiograph for an abdomen AP examination on an adult patient according to the National Diagnostic Reference Levels?
What is the typical DAP (Dose Area Product) per radiograph for an abdomen AP examination on an adult patient according to the National Diagnostic Reference Levels?
What is the approximate CTDIvol (Computed Tomography Dose Index volume) per sequence for a head CT examination, used for diagnosis of an acute stroke on an adult patient, according to the National DRLs?
What is the approximate CTDIvol (Computed Tomography Dose Index volume) per sequence for a head CT examination, used for diagnosis of an acute stroke on an adult patient, according to the National DRLs?
According to the National DRLs, what is the approximate DLP (Dose Length Product) for a complete CT examination of the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis for cancer screening on an adult patient?
According to the National DRLs, what is the approximate DLP (Dose Length Product) for a complete CT examination of the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis for cancer screening on an adult patient?
Which action would violate IR(ME)R (The Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations)?
Which action would violate IR(ME)R (The Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations)?
What role does the RIS (Radiology Information System) play during a radiography examination?
What role does the RIS (Radiology Information System) play during a radiography examination?
Which role does Sectra/PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System) play in patient care workflows?
Which role does Sectra/PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System) play in patient care workflows?
Why is it important to keep track of the number of images taken, the necessity for repeats, and other relevant notes in plain radiography?
Why is it important to keep track of the number of images taken, the necessity for repeats, and other relevant notes in plain radiography?
What is the consequence of different radiation types having varying levels of damage on tissue?
What is the consequence of different radiation types having varying levels of damage on tissue?
Why can some types of radiation cause more damage to biological tissues, even if the absorbed dose is the same?
Why can some types of radiation cause more damage to biological tissues, even if the absorbed dose is the same?
Which of the following radiations has a radiation weighting factor of 1?
Which of the following radiations has a radiation weighting factor of 1?
Compared with X-rays, what impact do alpha particles have on the weighting factor?
Compared with X-rays, what impact do alpha particles have on the weighting factor?
Why is it important to implement scatter control measures within a diagnostic radiography suite?
Why is it important to implement scatter control measures within a diagnostic radiography suite?
Why is the routine recording of patient dose essential for every exposure in medical imaging?
Why is the routine recording of patient dose essential for every exposure in medical imaging?
In the context of radiation protection, what is the primary reason for using tissue weighting factors?
In the context of radiation protection, what is the primary reason for using tissue weighting factors?
Which of the following factors needs consideration to ensure patient safety and diagnostic efficacy in mobile radiography?
Which of the following factors needs consideration to ensure patient safety and diagnostic efficacy in mobile radiography?
What should be considered when using an image intensifier during fluoroscopy?
What should be considered when using an image intensifier during fluoroscopy?
What is the primary objective of adhering to Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) in medical imaging?
What is the primary objective of adhering to Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) in medical imaging?
What practical steps can be taken to reduce scatter radiation in the diagnostic radiography suite?
What practical steps can be taken to reduce scatter radiation in the diagnostic radiography suite?
If you are having issues with an x-ray machine what department should you contact for assistance?
If you are having issues with an x-ray machine what department should you contact for assistance?
What considerations need to be made to keep patient data safe?
What considerations need to be made to keep patient data safe?
What factors control and impact image quality?
What factors control and impact image quality?
What should you consider when taking an image?
What should you consider when taking an image?
Flashcards
Absorbed Dose
Absorbed Dose
The energy deposited per unit mass; measured in Gray (Gy), where 1 Gy = 1 J/kg.
Dose-Area Product (DAP)
Dose-Area Product (DAP)
A measure of the total radiation energy imparted to matter; commonly displayed as mGy/cm² or μGy/cm².
Dose Length Product (DLP)
Dose Length Product (DLP)
A measure of radiation exposure in air, used to estimate the absorbed dose to a patient.
Radiation Weighting Factor (WR)
Radiation Weighting Factor (WR)
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Equivalent Dose (H)
Equivalent Dose (H)
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Effective Dose (E)
Effective Dose (E)
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Tissue Weighting Factor (WT)
Tissue Weighting Factor (WT)
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Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL)
Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL)
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Broad spectrum of energies
Broad spectrum of energies
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Primary Radiation
Primary Radiation
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Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)
Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)
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Impact of Scatter Radiation
Impact of Scatter Radiation
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Bone
Bone
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Study Notes
- RAD104 builds on the knowledge gained in RAD101.
- A solid understanding of RAD101 topics is needed.
- Key RAD101 topics consists of but are not limited to:
- Basic physics concepts
- Electromagnetic spectrum
- Atomic structures
- Radiation Protection
- IR(ME)R and IRR legislation
- How an x-ray photon is made
- kVp and mAs manipulation
- SID OID
- Beam quality and quantity
- Scatter control in a diagnostic radiography suite
RAD104 Focus
- Computed Radiography
- Digital Radiography
- The freedom of information act and data protection
- kVp and mAs manipulation's impact on the image
- Image manipulation techniques
- Patient dose considerations
- How an image intensifier (II) works
- Radiation protection in theatre and fluoroscopy
- Radiation protection during mobile radiography
- Computer systems and software aspects
- Image storage and sharing
RAD101's Foundational Role
- RAD101 forms the base for RAD104
- Topics are repeated in RAD104 due to their importance in practice
Radiation Units and Patient Records
- Absorbed dose is measured in gray (Gy), it indicates energy deposition of 1 J/kg
- The formula is 1Gy = 1 J/kg.
- Absorbed dose is specific to the medium like air, H2O, or tissues.
- Dose-area product (DAP) and Dose Length Product (DLP) determine a radiation dose
- DAP is commonly displayed as mGy/cm² or μGy/cm² and DLP is expressed as mGy/cm
- A value of exposure in air leads to an estimated absorbed dose.
- Patient dose must be recorded for every exposure.
- RIS (radiology information system)
- Sectra/PACS (picture archive communication system) are used by HSCNI trusts
- Absorbed dose must be recorded for every examination using ionising radiation.
- The amount of images taken, need for repeats and extra notes must be recorded.
Equivalent Dose
- Different radiation types cause varying degrees of tissue damage.
- Some radiations cause more damage even if the absorbed dose level is the same.
- X-Rays, gamma rays, and electrons have a radiation weighting factor of 1.
- Protons (5), alpha particles (20) and fission fragments (20.) have much higher WR
- A higher radiation weighting factor suggests a higher radiation density.
- Equivalent dose calculation: Absorbed dose (Gy) x Radiation weighting factor (WR) = Equivalent dose, denoted as H (Sv).
- Equivalent dose is measured in Sieverts (Sv).
Effective Dose
- Various tissues respond to the level of radiation in different ways.
- The absorbed dose and equivalent dose can understand the detriment level experienced by the tissue type.
- Effective dose calculation uses the absorbed organ dose (DT), adjusting it by the radiation weighting factor (WRT) and tissue weighting factor (WT) which produces effective dose (E).
Tissue Weighting Factors (WT)
- Different organs vary in radiosensitivity.
- Total of all tissues in the body equals 1, or 100% radiosensitivity.
- The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) publishes tissue weighting factors and was last updated in 2007, Publication 103.
- Specific weighting factor values:
- 0.12: stomach, colon, lung, red bone marrow, breast and remainder tissues (adrenals, extrathoracic region, gallbladder, heart, kidney, lymph nodes, muscle, oral mucosa, pancreas, small intestine, spleen, thymus, and uterus/cervix (♀), prostate())
- 0.08: gonads (previously 0.2)
- 0.04: urinary bladder, oesophagus, liver, thyroid
- 0.01: bone surface, skin, brain, salivary glands
Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL)
- DRL indicates whether the patient dose or administered activity (amount of radioactive material) from a specified procedure is unusually high or low under routine conditions in medical imaging that utilizes ionising radiation.
- DRLs provided by ICRP 2007
- National Diagnostic Reference Levels (NDRLs) guidelines from 20 November 2024 - GOV.UK
National DRLs for General Radiography and Fluoroscopy
- Table contains Individual radiographs on adult patients, Radiograph, ESD per radiograph (mGy), DAP per radiograph (Gy cm² )and Year NDRL adopted
- Abdomen AP values are: 4, 2.5, 2016
- Chest AP values are: 0.2, 0.15, 2016
- Chest LAT values are: 0.5, 2016
- Chest PA values are: 0.15, 0.1, 2016
- Cervical spine AP values are:.0.15, 2016
National DRLs for Computed Tomography
- Table contains Adult CT examinations, Examination, Clinical Indication, Scan region / technique, CTDI vol sequence(mGy), DLP per complete examination
- Acute stroke values are for :Head: All sequences, 47 and 790
- Sinus disease values for: Paranasal sinuses All sequences, 12 and 160
- Fracture values for :Cervical spine All sequences, 16 and 400
- Cancer values for: Neck, chest, abdomen and pelvis All sequences, and 850
- Lung cancer values for: Chest All sequences, 8.5 and 290
- Lung cancer values for: Chest and Abdomen All sequences, and 470
Summary points for RAD104
- Building on the established knowledge base from the key subject RAD101.
- Exploration of X-ray physics and equipment design.
- Focuses on Radiation protection in various environments.
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