37 Questions
What was found to be inferior in the Negro school?
Physical plant, curricula, and transportation
The court denied the plaintiffs admission to the white schools during the equalization program.
True
What was the main argument of the plaintiffs?
That they were deprived of the equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment.
The court case that announced the 'separate but equal' doctrine is ______________________.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Match the court cases with the corresponding information:
Del.Const., Art.X, § 2 = State constitution provision Del.Rev.Code § 2631 (1935) = State statutory code Gebhart v. Belton = Delaware court case Plessy v. Ferguson = Court case that announced the 'separate but equal' doctrine
What was the ruling of the Chancellor in the Delaware case?
Ordered the immediate admission of the plaintiffs to schools previously attended only by white children
The plaintiffs were all of high school age.
False
What was the section of the US Code under which the case was appealed?
28 U.S.C.§ 1253
What is the effect of segregation on the educational opportunities of Negro children?
It has a detrimental effect on their educational opportunities
The court ruled in favor of the Negro plaintiffs in the Kansas case.
False
What is the result of segregation with the sanction of law on the educational and mental development of Negro children?
It has a tendency to retard the educational and mental development of Negro children.
Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the ______________________ children.
colored
According to the finding in the Delaware case, what is the result of State-imposed segregation in education?
It results in substantially inferior educational opportunities for Negro children
Modern authority supports the finding that segregation has a detrimental effect on the educational opportunities of Negro children.
True
Match the authors with their corresponding works:
K.B. Clark = Effect of Prejudice and Discrimination on Personality Development Witmer and Kotinsky = Personality in the Making Deutscher and Chein = The Psychological Effects of Enforced Segregation: A Survey of Social Science Opinion
What is the result of a sense of inferiority on the motivation of a child to learn?
It affects the motivation of a child to learn.
What was the main issue in the Brown v. Board of Education case?
The segregation of Negroes and whites in public schools
The District Court initially granted the requested relief to the plaintiffs.
False
What was the purpose of the report filed by the defendants concerning the progress made in the equalization program?
To obtain the court's views on the progress made in the equalization program.
The plaintiffs in the Davis v. County School Board case were Negro children of ________ age residing in Prince Edward County.
high school
Under which statute was the three-judge District Court convened?
28 U.S.C.§§ 2281 and 2284
The defendants were not proceeding to rectify the inequality in buildings.
False
Match the following cases with their corresponding details:
Brown v. Board of Education = Inequality in facilities between Negro and white schools Davis v. County School Board = Segregation of Negroes and whites in public schools
What was the result of the appeal to the Supreme Court in the Brown v. Board of Education case?
The Supreme Court vacated the District Court's judgment and remanded the case for the purpose of obtaining the court's views on a report filed by the defendants concerning the progress made in the equalization program.
What is the main issue that the Court is considering in these cases?
The effect of segregation on public education
The court cases involved only high school students.
False
What year was the Amendment adopted?
1868
The Court must consider public education in the light of its full development and its present place in American life throughout the _______________.
Nation
Which of the following court cases did NOT reserve decision on whether Plessy v. Ferguson should be held inapplicable to public education?
Plessy v. Ferguson
The court below found substantial inequality in the Kansas case.
False
Match the court cases with the corresponding information:
Sweatt v. Painter = Reserved decision on whether Plessy v. Ferguson should be held inapplicable to public education Plessy v. Ferguson = Announced the 'separate but equal' doctrine Brown v. Board of Education = Involved the question of segregation in public education
When were compulsory school attendance laws adopted in all the states?
In 1918
The 'separate but equal' doctrine originated in the education field.
False
In what year did the 'separate but equal' doctrine appear in the courts?
1896
The Fourteenth Amendment ordains that no State shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without __________ of law.
due process
Match the court cases with the year they were decided:
Slaughter-House Cases = 1873 Strauder v. West Virginia = 1880 Plessy v. Ferguson = 1896 Cumming v. County Board of Education = Gong Lum v. Rice =
What was the primary purpose of the Fourteenth Amendment?
To protect the rights of African Americans
Study Notes
Brown v. Board of Education
- The case involves the segregation of Negroes and whites in public schools, with the plaintiffs seeking admission to white schools on a non-segregated basis.
- The three-judge District Court in each of the cases (Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware) denied the requested relief, sustaining the validity of the contested provisions and denying the plaintiffs admission to the white schools during the equalization program.
Court Rulings and Decisions
- In the Kansas case, the court found that the Negro schools were inferior to the white schools and ordered the defendants to begin immediately to equalize the facilities.
- In the South Carolina case, the court found that the Negro school was inferior in physical plant, curricula, and transportation, and ordered the defendants to provide substantially equal curricula and transportation and to remove the inequality in physical plant.
- In the Virginia case, the court found that the Negro school was inferior in physical plant, curricula, and transportation, and ordered the defendants to provide substantially equal curricula and transportation and to remove the inequality in physical plant.
- In the Delaware case, the Chancellor gave judgment for the plaintiffs and ordered their immediate admission to schools previously attended only by white children, on the ground that the Negro schools were inferior with respect to teacher training, pupil-teacher ratio, extracurricular activities, physical plant, and time and distance.
Background and Context
- Compulsory school attendance laws were not generally adopted until after the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, and it was not until 1918 that such laws were in force in all the states.
- The "separate but equal" doctrine was first announced in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and has been labored with by American courts for over half a century.
- The Supreme Court has heard six cases involving the "separate but equal" doctrine in the field of public education, with the validity of the doctrine itself not being challenged in earlier cases.
Impact of Segregation
- Segregation in public schools deprives Negro children of the equal protection of the laws, generating a feeling of inferiority that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone.
- Segregation has a detrimental effect on the colored children, impacting their motivation to learn and retarding their educational and mental development.
- Modern authority supports the finding that segregation has a negative impact on the psychological development of Negro children.
Understanding the impact of racial segregation on educational opportunities and its effects on students' self-esteem and community status.
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