Racial Gaps and Economic Theory Quiz

<p>Employers might refuse to hire certain groups to avoid alienating discriminatory customers, even if it means paying a price. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The structure of our social arrangements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lacked empirical evidence and often suffered from mathematical errors and flawed reasoning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explanations span from economic, biological to social arrangements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They each offer useful insights, but are not completely adequate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opportunities are increasingly distributed based on merit, widening the divide between intelligent and less intelligent people. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intervene to reverse the trend of less intelligent people reproducing at a faster rate than intelligent people. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Racial differences in IQ are at least partly traceable to genetic differences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They remained resolutely agnostic on the precise influence of genetic deficits relative to the environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The analysis ignored or underestimated the effect on IQ of education, class, and inheritance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He denounced the book as more of a manifesto of ideology than a scientific report. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The shape of the skull and brain size, and the genes for those traits, explain racial disparities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How the test results would be used. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They will pay higher wages to white workers because they are hiring from a smaller pool. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They will eventually be replaced by non-discriminating firms that can operate more efficiently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People of color are not a big enough percentage of the population to allow nondiscriminating employers easily fill slots with minorities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taste-based discrimination is based on personal preferences, while statistical discrimination is based on rational generalizations or inferences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Employers have limited information about prospective workers' productivity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stereotypes may lead employers to infer a worker's productivity based on easily-observed traits like race or gender. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Employers generalize on the basis of actually observed, real differences in productivity, caused by historic discrimination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Racial gaps persist because of a taste for discrimination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perceived threats to the material and status interests of a dominant group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Racial gaps stem from deeply ingrained, subconscious stereotypical beliefs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The strength of people's implicit racial biases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate the ease with which participants associate race with stereotypes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As indicating implicit bias in favor of one group or the other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over 75 percent of self-identified whites and Asians demonstrate a bias in favor of whites against blacks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants' familiarity or cultural knowledge of stereotypes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The test is simply measuring the greater salience of one racial identity in the category of race. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural factors such as limited education and propensity to work in unskilled jobs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Structural conditions' are processes or environmental conditions that slot people into social positions, while 'cultural practices' are shared values, goals, and practices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Structure shapes culture, and culture in turn shapes and contributes to structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that cultural factors might play a role in economic outcomes, since the two groups have different economic conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cultural practice that can be a rational, adaptive response to structural conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A comprehensive understanding of racial inequality requires a consideration of both structure and culture, acknowledging their interdependence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can cut women off from resources that men (particularly white men) typically have access to. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It implies that cultural characteristics that appear to hinder progress may actually be coping mechanisms developed in response to difficult circumstances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Culture and structure reflect and reproduce each other in a positive feedback loop. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing a theoretical model to explain the persistence of racial poverty through self-reinforcing mechanisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Segregated neighborhoods lead to underfunded schools and poorly connected social networks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glenn Loury's work on self-reinforcing phenomena. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Global trade networks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through selection processes that early on affect job chances of future generations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have locked racial inequality into place. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The suggestion that each generation suffers the deprivations of the prior generation and reproduces them for the next generation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A book by Herrnstein and Murray discussing intelligence and social status.

Highly intelligent individuals distinguished by their opportunities and resources.

Ongoing disparities in social status and opportunities despite changes in society.

The controversial claim that genetics contribute to racial IQ disparities.

How the context of a test can affect scores, particularly among students of color.

A rebuttal to 'The Bell Curve,' emphasizing ideological over scientific claims.

Distribution of opportunities based on performance rather than social status.

Differences in IQ scores among races, often linked to contentious theories.

Differences in socio-economic indicators among racial groups.

Theories suggesting market and preference-driven reasons for discrimination.

Preference for not hiring based on race rather than qualifications.

When market forces do not eliminate biases or discrimination.

Economist who analyzed discrimination in the market context.

Irrational bias among employers that affects hiring practices.

Economic factors that should lead to a fair representation in hiring.

An ideal market where businesses must compete fairly for resources.

The practice of excluding certain workers based on race or ethnicity, leading to wage disparities.

A situation where multiple employers seek workers, ideally leading to fair wages.

The inherent preference some employers have for not hiring certain racial groups.

Firms that hire based on merit, utilizing a broader worker pool for greater efficiency.

The theory that employers make exclusion decisions based on perceived productivity differences among races.

Stereotyping workers based on race due to lack of perfect information about their productivity.

Real-world variables that influence whether discrimination persists in the labor market.

Inferring a worker's potential from demographic traits rather than their actual qualifications.

A process where culture and structure reinforce each other.

A model explaining how race and class impact income and skills.

Continuing poverty in certain racial groups due to systemic factors.

The separation of groups in different neighborhoods affecting education.

Schools with insufficient resources, often found in poor neighborhoods.

Connections among friends and coworkers affecting job opportunities.

Systems and selections impacting job chances for future generations.

The reinforcement of racial inequality through various feedback loops.

Elements within a culture that may influence behaviors and outcomes.

Implicit attitudes or stereotypes that affect understanding and actions without awareness.

Environmental processes that influence social roles and positions.

A test that measures implicit biases by analyzing response times in categorization tasks.

Community-shared values and goals that guide behaviors.

Oversimplified and generalized beliefs about individuals based on their race.

Adaptive behaviors that are logical given socio-economic conditions.

The tendency for many individuals to show bias in favor of their own racial group.

Support systems formed by single mothers for shared resources.

The prominence of a racial identity in someone's perception during categorization tasks.

The way cultural practices and structural conditions influence each other.

The bias individuals show in tests, regardless of their personal beliefs about equality.

The argument that IAT results may reflect familiarity with societal stereotypes instead of true bias.

The state of being unemployed leading to economic hardship.

Perceived shortcomings in cultural practices leading to poor outcomes.

A method used in the IAT that indicates biases based on how quickly subjects categorize images or words.