Racial Dynamics in the U.S. Education System
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Questions and Answers

According to the passage, what is one of the main reasons why students from racial and ethnic minority groups are systematically disadvantaged in schools?

  • Schools fail to incorporate non-dominant cultures into their culture, curriculum, pedagogy, or structures (correct)
  • Schools have a lack of resources and funding in minority communities
  • Students from minority groups have less inherent ability compared to white students
  • Minority students have more behavioral problems and family dysfunction

    • How does the passage describe the impact of 'white cultural hegemony' on what takes place in public schools?

  • It leads to a lack of diversity and inclusion among teachers and administrators
  • It sets the context for much of what takes place in public schools and privileges certain cultural attributes while devaluing others (correct)
  • It results in a lack of funding and resources for public schools
  • It has no significant impact on what takes place in public schools

    • According to the passage, what is one form of the 'wages of whiteness' that provides certain advantages to those with white skin?

  • Greater access to higher education
  • Increased job opportunities
  • Symbolic capital across social institutions (correct)
  • Preferential treatment in the criminal justice system

    • What does the passage suggest is more important than student cultures in determining achievement levels?

    <p>School practices, personnel, and institutional cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the passage describe the way school personnel interpret similar behaviors differently depending on the race of the student?

    <p>School personnel interpret similar behaviors more favorably for white students compared to Black students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest about the way resources children and families bring to school are valued by teachers?

    <p>Teachers value the resources of white middle-class families more than those of racial and ethnic minority families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is one way that 'raced and gendered ideas' shape everyday encounters between school personnel and students and their families?

    <p>School personnel view students of color as inherently less capable or more prone to behavioral problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the chapter from which this passage is drawn?

    <p>The ways in which race shapes educational experiences in the United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is the primary responsibility for the education of children in the United States?

    <p>State and local governments, as the passage indicates education is not provided for in the federal Constitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main perspective or argument presented in the passage regarding the role of 'oppositional culture' in explaining school outcomes?

    <p>Oppositional culture is not a useful framework for explaining school outcomes, and school practices and institutional cultures are more important</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes racial inequality in educational funding and opportunities?

    <p>It was an explicit policy of the state throughout the country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is the most racially isolated in educational institutions and attends schools with the highest levels of resources?

    <p>Whites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a disadvantage faced by majority-minority schools?

    <p>Smaller class sizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the reasons for inequalities in school resources?

    <p>The dependence on local property taxes to fund schools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the data cited in the text, what percentage of Black students attended schools with poverty rates below 10% in 2002-3?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the racial achievement gap is NOT supported by the text?

    <p>The achievement gap is solely due to individual-level factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes contribute to inequalities in school resources?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about racial gaps in school achievement is NOT true according to the text?

    <p>The gaps are solely due to innate or genetic factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Latino students attended schools with poverty rates below 10% in 2002-3?

    <p>7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the factors contributing to the racial achievement gap?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary intent behind denying Black children access to education before Reconstruction?

    <p>To maintain a subordinate class of Black slaves and laborers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text imply about the nature of white dominance in schooling today?

    <p>It is less overt but no less real than in the past</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were the benefits of "the moment not long ago when affirmative action was white" transmitted?

    <p>Through intergenerational transmissions of racial resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributed to the concentration of racial resources within particular communities?

    <p>Centuries of formal, state-supported racial domination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the author suggest about the legacy of racial domination in education?

    <p>It is an enduring legacy that continues to shape educational opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are public schools primarily funded in the United States?

    <p>Through local property taxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical practices have influenced the racial hierarchies in the educational system of the United States?

    <p>Denial of education to Black slaves and Japanese field workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the reliance on local property taxes for school funding affect affluent and poor neighborhoods?

    <p>It leads to higher funding for schools in affluent neighborhoods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of unequal funding for public schools in the United States?

    <p>Impact on the quality of facilities and curricula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do higher-income communities contribute to disparities in school funding?

    <p>By generating private funds and through property taxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes today's separate and unequal schools from the past explicitly racially segregated schools?

    <p>Geographical segregation based on municipalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes significantly to the racial disparities within the public school system?

    <p>$15,000 available per student in wealthier communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key reason that public schools remain highly unequal despite no longer being legally segregated?

    <p>Geographical segregation based on municipalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of grouping students by ability, according to the text?

    <p>Growing achievement gap between high and low-track students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does tracking remain prevalent in schools despite evidence against it?

    <p>Cultural assumptions about intelligence and equity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does tracking negatively impact students in low tracks?

    <p>By reducing academic outcomes and nonacademic costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason African American students are more likely to be labeled with disabilities?

    <p>Overrepresentation in soft disability categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key difference in the placement of African American students in special education compared to their peers?

    <p>Overrepresentation in restrictive settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does grouping students by ability exacerbate racial inequalities in education?

    <p>By placing Black students more often in grouped classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do high-track students benefit more from the educational system, according to the text?

    <p>Enhanced curriculum and special resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do racial ideologies help explain the demographic reality of schools today?

    <p>By justifying the internal segregation within schools based on race.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant drawback faced by minority students regarding special education placements?

    <p>Overrepresentation in restrictive educational settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is one reason why low-income and minority students are more likely to be taught by lower-quality or uncredentialed teachers?

    <p>Schools with large populations of poor and minority students experience higher teacher turnover.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest is one explanation for why poor and minority students are often taught by inexperienced and ill-equipped teachers?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage indicate about the distribution of teachers with higher credentials within schools?

    <p>Teachers with higher credentials are more likely to teach affluent students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest is a key factor contributing to racial disparities in school resources and teacher quality?

    <p>The reliance on local property taxes for school funding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is one way that urban schools try to address teacher shortages?

    <p>Hiring uncertified teachers to fill open positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest is a consequence of the unequal distribution of experienced and credentialed teachers?

    <p>It contributes to the perpetuation of racial achievement gaps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what role do schools play in regard to race?

    <p>They produce and reinforce racial divisions and disparities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest is necessary to address racial disparities in education?

    <p>Larger societal struggles against racial injustice must accompany school reforms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what role do racial ideologies play in perpetuating educational inequalities?

    <p>They suggest that disadvantaged groups are responsible for their failures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best characterizes the passage's perspective on the relationship between schools and racial disparities?

    <p>Schools actively contribute to the production and reinforcement of racial divisions and inequalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage imply about the potential for progressive changes in education without addressing racial injustice in society?

    <p>Addressing racial injustice is a prerequisite for progressive changes in education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the passage, which of the following statements about the role of schools in shaping racial understanding is most accurate?

    <p>Schools actively shape children's racial understanding and identities through various processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, why are Latino students often underrepresented in special education programs?

    <p>The criteria and assessment tools used may be biased against students learning a new language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest as a potential reason for the overrepresentation of African American students in special education?

    <p>Teachers are more likely to refer African American students for behavioral reasons rather than academic reasons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what factor contributes to the cultural gap between teachers and minority students?

    <p>The educational system primarily reflects the cultural orientations of white, middle-class groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a potential factor contributing to racial disparities in special education placement?

    <p>Deliberate targeting of minority students by school personnel for special education placement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is one way that school personnel might interpret student behavior differently based on race?

    <p>They are more likely to attribute behavioral issues to cultural differences for minority students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the role of cultural bias in standardized testing is supported by the passage?

    <p>Most literature argues against cultural bias in standardized testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is one potential consequence of placing minority students in special education programs?

    <p>Poor academic achievement for many students in special education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the placement of minority students in special education is true according to the passage?

    <p>Minority students in special education are typically placed in more restrictive classroom environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is one potential reason for the underrepresentation of Latino students in special education programs compared to other minority groups?

    <p>School personnel prioritize English language acquisition services for Latino students before considering special education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the educational system is supported by the passage?

    <p>The educational system primarily reflects the cultural orientations of white, middle-class groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is one of the main reasons for racial disparities in school discipline?

    <p>Zero-tolerance policies allow for subjective interpretations of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest about the historical role of schools in the United States?

    <p>Schools were used as a means to control and limit opportunities for racial minorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is one of the primary barriers to educational transformation in the United States?

    <p>The dominance of limited notions of equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest about the impact of local funding for schools?

    <p>It has resulted in significant disparities between affluent and poor neighborhoods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is one reason why racial disparities in education persist despite efforts to address them?

    <p>The desire of families to provide advantages for their own children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest about the success of the U.S. school system in reducing the impact of social origins on educational opportunities?

    <p>The school system has failed miserably in this regard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is one factor that contributes to the success of some students of color in overcoming educational barriers?

    <p>Their success is an exception that needs to be explained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest about the role of cultural differences in contributing to racial disparities in school discipline?

    <p>Cultural differences can lead to subjective interpretations of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is one reason why schools are not neutral institutions?

    <p>They are shaped by larger societal structures and inequalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest about the impact of affirmative action policies on educational opportunities?

    <p>The passage does not discuss the impact of affirmative action policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the mechanisms mentioned in the text that contributes to the lack of high-quality teachers in poor and minority schools?

    <p>Teachers seeking out schools with better working environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reason why few African American and Latino students are enrolled in upper-level mathematics courses?

    <p>Few opportunities provided to African American and Latino students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do scholars offer as an explanation for why teachers tend to hold lower academic expectations for minority students compared to white students?

    <p>Minority students have less academic capability due to their race</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cultural differences between teachers and minority students influence teachers' perceptions of student ability?

    <p>Cultural differences can lead to inaccurate perceptions of student ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are few minority students enrolled in challenging courses according to the text?

    <p>Limited opportunities are provided for minority students to enroll in challenging courses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences teacher assessment of students according to the text?

    <p>Perceptions of capability of minority students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do teachers' perceptions of minority students impact the curriculum according to the passage?

    <p>Perceptions of minority capabilities influence the curriculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do some scholars argue about the interaction between teachers and white versus minority students?

    <p>'Teachers provide more positive referrals for white students'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Given that the culture of mainstream education resembles white culture,' what can happen to minority students displaying opposing behaviors?

    <p>'They may be seen as less competent by their teachers'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Students who align their classroom behavior with mainstream educational values' are viewed by teachers as:

    <p>'Significantly more motivated and achievement-oriented'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is one of the main reasons for the disproportionate placement of minority students in lower academic tracks?

    <p>Subjective assessments and racial biases influence placement decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest about the consequences of being placed in lower academic tracks?

    <p>Students are exposed to a watered-down curriculum and less effective pedagogy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the research cited in the passage, how does ability grouping or tracking affect preexisting inequalities?

    <p>It exacerbates preexisting inequalities in academic performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest about the role of teachers' expectations in perpetuating educational inequalities?

    <p>Teachers' expectations can contribute to self-fulfilling prophecies and stereotype threat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is one factor that contributes to lower teacher expectations in low-income and African American schools?

    <p>Teachers in these schools focus on the deficits of students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is one way in which self-fulfilling prophecies emerge in the classroom?

    <p>Students spend less effort in classes where low expectations are placed on them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest about the relationship between race and track placement, even when controlling for measured achievement?

    <p>Black and Latino students are more likely to be placed in lower tracks than their peers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is one characteristic of predominantly minority schools?

    <p>They have fewer high-track classes and less rigorous courses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest about the role of school organizational factors in shaping teacher expectations?

    <p>School organizational context, coupled with teacher expectations, is especially relevant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is one consequence of lower teacher expectations for minority students?

    <p>Detrimental effects on learning and achievement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is a key factor contributing to racial disparities in school discipline?

    <p>The subjective nature of disciplinary practices leads to unequal application of zero-tolerance policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of the racial disparities in school discipline mentioned in the passage?

    <p>Students of color experience lower academic achievement and higher dropout rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the data cited in the passage, what percentage of suspensions in public schools nationally are given to white students?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about racial disparities in school discipline is NOT supported by the passage?

    <p>White students are more likely to receive corporal punishment than students of color for similar infractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest about the implementation of zero-tolerance policies across school districts?

    <p>They have been found to be unequally applied to at-risk, low-income, and minority students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest about the racial composition of suspensions and expulsions in the San Diego city school district in the 2000-2001 academic year?

    <p>African American and Latino students composed approximately 70% of all suspensions and expulsions, despite making up 53% of the district's total enrollment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, which of the following statements is true about the relationship between race and special education referrals?

    <p>The processes used to assign disabilities to students are infused with race and racism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the passage suggest about the relationship between school discipline and the criminalization of minority communities?

    <p>The disproportionate discipline of students of color is linked to the criminalization of minority communities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, which of the following groups are overrepresented in school suspensions and other disciplinary consequences?

    <p>Students of low socioeconomic status, boys, and students of color, particularly African American students.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information in the passage, which of the following statements is true about racial disparities in school discipline in Texas?

    <p>Disparities between white students and students of color are most pronounced in subjective and severe discipline categories, such as out-of-school suspensions and expulsions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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