Rabies Virus Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes rabies virus?

  • It is a naked DNA virus.
  • It is a naked RNA virus.
  • It is a non-enveloped DNA virus.
  • It is an enveloped RNA virus. (correct)

    • Rabies virus is transmitted through direct contact with saliva from an infected animal.

    True (A)

    What is the scientific name of the family to which rabies virus belongs?

    Rhabdoviridae

    Rabies is a ______ disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans.

    <p>zoonotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aspects of rabies virus with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Structure = Bullet-shaped, enveloped virus with a helical nucleocapsid Replication = Entry into host cells, transcription, translation, replication, assembly, budding, and spreading Diagnosis = Laboratory techniques, clinical signs and symptoms Prevention = Vaccination, Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method commonly used for rabies virus diagnosis?

    <p>Blood culture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rabies virus can be cultivated in cell cultures.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PEP stand for in the context of rabies prevention?

    <p>Post-Exposure Prophylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for preventing rabies transmission in both animals and humans?

    <p>Widespread vaccination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary hosts for rabies virus infections?

    <p>Dogs and other mammals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once rabies symptoms develop, there is a highly effective cure available.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary components of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for rabies?

    <p>Wound care and vaccinations (RIG and rabies vaccine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rabies virus can survive for extended periods outside of a living host.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of the rabies virus' glycoprotein?

    <p>The rabies virus glycoprotein is responsible for attaching to and entering host cells, initiating infection. This process is crucial for the virus to spread within the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rabies virus, a member of the ______ family, is known for its neurotropic nature.

    <p>Rhabdoviridae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to rabies with their descriptions:

    <p>Rabies Immunoglobulin (RIG) = A series of vaccinations administered over 14 days Rabies Vaccine = Infiltrated around the wound and administered intramuscularly Wound Care = Thorough cleaning and washing of the wound with soap and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The [BLANK] protein of the rabies virus is crucial for the assembly and budding process of new viral particles.

    <p>matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell types with their roles in rabies virus infection.

    <p>Vero cells = African green monkey kidney cells used for studying rabies virus in laboratory settings Neurons = Primary targets of rabies virus in the central nervous system Immune cells = Can respond to rabies virus infection, but the virus often evades the immune response Muscle cells = Rarely infected by rabies virus, but the virus can travel to muscle cells through nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of preventing rabies in humans?

    <p>Vaccination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following environmental factors can inactivate the rabies virus?

    <p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Once clinical symptoms of rabies appear, the disease is nearly always fatal.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rabies virus is highly stable outside the host and can withstand harsh environmental conditions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common mode of rabies transmission?

    <p>Animal bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of the World Health Organisation (WHO) in combating rabies.

    <p>The WHO plays a crucial role in educating about rabies, promoting vaccination programs, and providing guidance for rabies control strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rabies virus exhibits a unique pathogenicity known as ______, which means it targets the nervous system.

    <p>neurotropism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral proteins with their primary function:

    <p>Glycoprotein (G) = Attachment to host cell receptors Large protein (L) = RNA-dependent RNA polymerase Nucleocapsid protein (N) = Protects the viral RNA genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mode of rabies transmission?

    <p>Direct transmission through the air (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glycoprotein (G) is a major target for the immune system and is a key component of rabies vaccines.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Large protein (L) in the rabies virus?

    <p>The Large protein (L) is responsible for both transcription (creating mRNA from the viral RNA genome) and replication (creating new copies of the viral RNA genome).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rabies virus exhibits a strong affinity for neurons, infecting and destroying them.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method for cultivating rabies virus?

    <p>Bacteriological Culture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The time between infection and the onset of rabies symptoms is called the ______ period.

    <p>incubation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary receptor on host cells that rabies virus attaches to?

    <p>Glycoprotein (G) spikes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral proteins involved in rabies replication with their corresponding functions:

    <p>Nucleoprotein (N) = Forms the nucleocapsid that protects the viral RNA genome. Phosphoprotein (P) = Assists the polymerase in transcription and replication. Matrix protein (M) = Forms the inner layer of the viral envelope. Glycoprotein (G) = Attaches to host cell receptors, mediating entry. Polymerase (L) = Transcribes the viral RNA genome and synthesizes new RNA strands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does rabies virus enter the host cell?

    <p>Endocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rabies virus can evade the host immune response, which contributes to its ability to spread within the nervous system.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two key steps in the replication of rabies virus after it enters a host cell?

    <p>Transcription and Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is NOT part of the Lyssavirus genus?

    <p>Ebola virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lyssaviruses are known for their ability to infect a wide range of animals, but they cannot infect humans.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that gives lyssaviruses their name and describes their main target in the body?

    <p>Neurotropism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rabies virus has a distinctive ______ shape.

    <p>bullet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following rabies virus proteins with their respective functions:

    <p>Nucleoprotein (N) = Encapsulates the viral RNA genome and forms the nucleocapsid Phosphoprotein (P) = Acts as a cofactor for the viral polymerase, essential for RNA replication and transcription Matrix protein (M) = Located between the nucleocapsid and the envelope, involved in virus assembly and budding Glycoprotein (G) = Forms the surface spikes of the virus, responsible for attachment to and entry into host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a distinguishable characteristic of the rabies virus?

    <p>Double-stranded RNA genome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rabies virus is surrounded by an envelope that is derived from the host cell membrane.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate size of the rabies virus genome in nucleotides?

    <p>12,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Rabies Virus (Rhabdovirus)

    • Rabies is a zoonotic, vaccine-preventable viral disease affecting the central nervous system.
    • Transmission is commonly through animal bites (typically by dogs).
    • The virus infects mammals, including dogs, cats, livestock, and wildlife.
    • Rabies is nearly always fatal once clinical symptoms appear.
    • Symptoms appear in varying timescales (from a few days to several years).

    Classification

    • Rabies virus belongs to the Mononegavirales order.
    • Viruses within that order have a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome.
    • Rabies virus is a Lyssavirus within the Rhabdoviridae family, distinguishable by its bullet-shaped virions.

    Structure and Morphology

    • Rabies virions have a bullet-like shape.
    • They are enveloped viruses with glycoprotein spikes crucial for attachment to host cells.
    • The virus contains a tightly coiled RNA genome within a nucleocapsid.

    Characteristics

    • Stability: Sensitive to heat and desiccation (drying).
    • Transmission: Primarily through animal bites (saliva).
    • Neurotropism: Highly infective to the nervous system.
    • Incubation: The time varies significantly.
    • High Mortality: Almost always fatal without intervention.

    Cultivation

    • Methods used for cultivation include cell culture (e.g., Vero cells) and animal models (e.g., mice).
    • Cell culture is more commonly used in modern practice.

    Replication

    • Attachment and Entry: The virus attaches to host cell receptors and enters through endocytosis.
    • Uncoating: The viral envelope fuses with the host cell, releasing nucleocapsids.
    • Transcription and Translation: The virus's RNA polymerase creates mRNA from the negative-sense RNA genome to translate viral proteins.
    • Replication and Assembly: Viral protein and RNA genomes assemble into new virus particles.
    • Budding: The new particles bud from the host cell to complete the cycle.

    Diagnosis

    • Diagnosis involves detecting the virus or viral antigens in infected tissues using techniques such as:
      • Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA)
      • Direct Rapid Immunohistochemistry (dRIT)
      • Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
      • Mouse Inoculation Test (MIT)

    Prodomal Phase Symptoms

    • Flu-like symptoms: fever, headache, malaise, muscle aches.
    • Discomfort at the bite area: tingling, itching, burning.

    Neurological Phase Symptoms

    • Changes in behaviour: anxiety, irritability, restlessness.
    • Agitation, confusion, hallucinations, aggression.
    • Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) and excessive salivation.
    • Hydrophobia (fear of water): painful spasms of the throat when attempting to swallow.
    • Aerophobia (fear of drafts or air movement).
    • Seizures.
    • Progressive muscle weakness and paralysis.

    Prevention and Treatment

    • Animal Vaccination: A critical element for prevention, notably mass dog vaccination programs in affected regions.
    • Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): Crucial if exposure occurs. Includes wound cleansing, administration of rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) and multiple vaccinations.
    • Early Diagnosis and Treatment: Essential for successful outcomes.

    Other Important Information

    • Rabies virus is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family.
    • Effective vaccines reduce risk, proper vaccination is crucial.

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    Rabies Virus - Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz delves into the Rabies virus, a serious zoonotic disease caused by the Rhabdovirus. Explore its transmission methods, viral classification, structural characteristics, and the fatal implications of clinical symptoms. Test your knowledge about this important viral infection.

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