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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the circulatory system?
What occurs at the capillary beds in the alveoli during pulmonary circulation?
Which type of blood vessel has a high pressure and low compliance?
What causes blood flow from arteries to veins?
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What is the amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute known as?
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According to Poiseuille law, what has the greatest impact on blood flow rate?
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What occurs when the cardiovascular system cannot meet the body's metabolic demands for oxygenated blood?
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Which term refers to the initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes prior to contraction?
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What is the force or load against which the left ventricle has to contract to eject the blood?
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What depends on myocardial contractility, blood volume, heart rate, and heart rhythm?
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Which system activates the body's 'fight-or-flight' response and releases hormones like catecholamines?
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What is the second mechanism of adaptation in heart failure that is critical for fluid-electrolyte homeostasis and long-term blood pressure regulation?
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What is the most common form of valvular heart disease in dogs?
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Which type of cardiomyopathy is most common in purebred dogs?
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What is the characteristic feature of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
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What can aortic regurgitation lead to in older horses?
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What occurs when the right side of the heart stops pumping efficiently?
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What is the primary consequence of chronic activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAA) system and sympathetic nervous system in heart failure?
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What contributes to decompensated heart failure (DHF)?
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What is the result of chronic acute heart failure in terms of the heart's chambers?
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What may cause cardiac circulatory failure according to the given text?
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How does left-sided heart failure impact the body?
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What is the primary purpose of using drugs like ACE inhibitors and diuretics in heart failure management?
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What is the primary cause of pulmonary edema?
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What is the consequence of increased pressure in the veins due to right heart failure?
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What can result from acute left heart failure?
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What leads to congestion in the heart, resulting in peripheral edema in right heart failure?
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What can cause right heart failure?
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What is the primary reason for fluid accumulation in body cavities like the abdomen and chest?
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What can result from chronic right heart failure?
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What are the potential consequences of circulatory shock?
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What are the possible causes of circulatory failure?
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What occurs when the cardiovascular system cannot meet the body's metabolic demands for oxygenated blood?
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What are the potential phases of circulatory shock according to the text?
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What is the primary mechanism that leads to edema or fluid accumulation in body tissues?
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What leads to congestion in the heart, resulting in peripheral edema in right heart failure?
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What are the 3 primary factors that regulate stroke volume (SV) according to the given text?
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According to Starling’s law, what happens to the stroke volume of the heart in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart?
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Which law describes the force with which blood stretches the walls of the heart chambers?
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What is Stroke Volume (SV) defined as?
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What does Laplace law describe in relation to the heart chambers?
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Study Notes
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Activation of RAA system and sympathetic nervous system leads to temporary improvement of cardiac output and blood pressure, enhancing perfusion
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Chronic activation of these responses results in hemodynamic stress and negative effects on the heart and circulation, worsening clinical condition of the patient
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Drugs such as ACE inhibitors and diuretics are used to manage heart failure
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Neurohormonal activation is a significant contributor to heart failure progression
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Ventricular hypertrophy occurs due to chronic adaptation and neurohormonal activation, primarily within the left ventricle
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Initially, cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive response to maintain cardiac function, but it becomes maladaptive and leads to heart failure in prolonged increased workload
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Decompensated heart failure (DHF) is characterized by structural or functional changes in the heart, leading to its inability to eject and/or accommodate blood within physiological pressure levels
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Pathological myocardial hypertrophy, stimulation of apoptosis, necrosis, and cardiac fibrosis contribute to DHF
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Cardiac remodeling involves cellular, genetic, molecular, and biochemical changes, altering energy metabolism and causing calcium-handling abnormalities that contribute to contractile dysfunction and arrhythmias.
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Cardiac circulatory failure can be caused by various conditions, including hypertension, morphological changes in myocardium, changes in heart rhythm, valves insufficiency, and metabolic or neurological diseases.
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Right-sided heart failure, often resulting from left-sided heart failure, affects the heart's ability to pump efficiently, leading to symptoms like trouble breathing, shortness of breath, and fluid retention.
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Left-sided heart failure occurs when the left ventricle cannot pump blood effectively, causing blood to build up in the lungs.
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Chronic acute heart failure may lead to both right-sided and left-sided heart failure, affecting the power of the left heart chamber and potentially resulting in fluid retention and swelling.
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Heart failure can lead to congestion in the heart, resulting in pulmonary edema (left heart failure) or peripheral edema (right heart failure)
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Pulmonary edema occurs due to rapid accumulation of blood in the lungs, leading to increased pressure and transudate accumulation in alveoli and bronchioles
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Right heart failure is often caused by left heart failure, but can also be caused by high lung pressure, pulmonary embolism, or lung diseases
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Right heart failure causes damage to the right side, leading to inefficient pumping and increased pressure in the veins
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Increased pressure in the veins pushes fluid into surrounding tissues, leading to swelling and congestion throughout the body
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Edema, or fluid accumulation, can occur in body cavities such as the abdomen (ascites), chest (hydrothorax), or around the heart (hydropericardium)
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Fluid accumulation is caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure, sodium retention, or lymphatic obstruction
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Acute left heart failure can result in rapid accumulation of blood in the lungs, leading to cough and shortness of breath, and potential damage to the lungs (brown induration)
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Chronic right heart failure can lead to secondary lesions in organs, such as swelling and degenerative lesions in the liver (nutmeg liver, hepar moschatus), eventually progressing to cirrhosis (cirrhosis hepatis cardiaca)
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Circulatory failure can be caused by decreased blood volume or a relative decrease due to vasodilation, and can result in hypovolemic shock, sepsis, anaphylaxis, cardiogenic shock, or neurogenic shock
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Circulatory shock aims to maintain perfusion of the CNS and heart, and can result in tachycardia, tachypnoea, pale skin, decreased temperature, oliguria, anuria, and loss of consciousness
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Circulatory shock has four phases: I phase - initial, II phase - compensatory, III phase - metabolic, and IV phase - critical, with potential damage to organs and release of toxins.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAA) and the effects of aldosterone on the body's salt and water balance. Explore the temporary improvements and chronic negative effects associated with the activation of sympathetic and RAA systems.
