RA 1425 and 19th Century Philippines

• RA 1425 requires all schools in the Philippines to offer courses about Jose Rizal.
• This promotes patriotism and reinforces values like discipline, love, and loyalty among the youth.
• In the 19th century, the Philippines was under the Vice Royalty of Mexico.
• America provided weapons to Cuba.
• Latin America was colonized.
• Europe was monarchic, and Africa was involved in slave trade.
• Australia was a British penal colony.
• China was becoming a trading market.
• Japan was friendly to all countries.
• The Philippines was under Spanish rule.
• Spain established vice royalties.
• Galleon Trades linked Manila with Mexico and other Asian countries.
• Polo Y Servicio was a forced labor system.
• Governor General Antonio Claveria mandated surnames for Filipinos for tax and identification purposes.
• Indio meant "bobo" or ignorant.
• Pueblo, syudad, and población centers were starting to be constructed.
• Pedro Alejandro Paterno sought American help for Aguinaldo regarding the Katipunan.
• Simbahan (church), Munisipyo (municipality), and Plaza formed central areas.
• Jose Rizal's birthday: June 19, 1861.
• At age 3, he mastered the alphabet.
• At age 5, he could read, showed interest in art, and made his first artworks.
• At age 8, he wrote his first poem, "Sa Aking mga Kabata".
• He was homeschooled by his mother, Teodora Alonzo.
• At age 16, he enrolled at Ateneo de Manila, studying Surveying and Assessing for one year.
• He took the licensure exam but was too young to pass.
• He studied Bachelor in Arts and Letters.
• He studied Medicine at the University of Santo Tomas as his premed.
• He took Ophthalmology as his major.
• He enrolled at the Universidad de San Juan de Letran.
• Due to discrimination, he left UST and decided to leave the country.
• He continued Ophthalmology in Madrid.
• Reyales were taxes.
• Pueblos and poblaciones were for dividing pagans.
• Indulgencia was a ticket to heaven.
• Andres Bonifacio wrote a parody about money and taxes through Indulgencia.
• Francisco Mercado was Rizal's father.
• Teodora Alonso was his mother.
• Saturnina Mercado was the eldest sibling.
• Paciano Mercado was the 2nd sibling.
• Narcisa Mercado was the 3rd sibling.
• Olympia Mercado was the 4th sibling.
• Lucia Mercado was the 5th sibling.
• Maria Mercado was the 6th sibling.
• Jose Mercado was the 7th sibling.
• Concepcion Mercado was the 8th sibling.
• Josefa Mercado was the 9th sibling.
• Trinidad Mercado was the 10th sibling.
• Soledad Mercado was the 11th sibling.
• On May 3, 1882, Rizal left for Europe to finish his studies.
• Only his siblings Paciano, Narcisa, and Saturnina knew about his departure.
• Paciano arranged for Rizal to leave the country without the knowledge of Spanish authorities.
• His secret mission was to observe the lives, cultures, laws, and government of European countries for liberating the Philippines.
• He arrived in Barcelona on June 16, 1882.

Madrid (1882)

• After Barcelona, Rizal went to Madrid in 1882.
• Paciano wanted Rizal to stay in Madrid because it was the center of all provinces of Spain and he could learn the most there.
• He began writing for the Diariong Tagalog under the pseudonym Laong Laan, meaning "ever prepared."
• His essay, "El Amor Patrio" (Love of Country), was published on August 20, 1882.
• On November 3, 1882, Rizal enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid, taking medicine and philosophy and letters.
• He also studied painting and sculpture at the Academy of San Carlos.
• He studied drawing at the Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando.
• He learned French, German, and English.
• Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano Filipino, a Filipino student organization, and discussed political issues.
• He aimed to publish the newspaper, Revista del Circulo Hispano Filipino, to express views against the abusive Spanish government.
• The publication was short-lived due to lack of funds and conflicting political issues.
• Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Juan Luna were notable members of the organization.
• Graciano Lopez Jaena was also a member.
• On June 25, 1884, Rizal attended a banquet celebrating the success of painters Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo at the Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes.
• Luna's painting "Spoliarium" won a gold medal, and Hidalgo's painting "Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho" won a silver medal.
• Rizal gave a speech that would make history at the banquet.
• Rizal's speech was recorded and published in the magazine "Los Dos Mundos."
• Rizal was not granted a doctorate because he did not submit a thesis or pay the required fees.
• At age 24, Rizal also finished his licentiate in Philosophy and Letters in 1885.

Paris (1885)

• Rizal moved to Paris in November 1885 to specialize in ophthalmology.
• He worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Wecker.
• During his stay with Luna, he modeled for the paintings "The Blood Compact" and "Death of Cleopatra".
• At this time, Rizal's novel "Noli Me Tangere" was half finished.

Germany (1886)

• In February 1886, Rizal left Paris for Germany.
• He arrived in Heidelberg.
• He worked as an assistant to Dr. Otto Becker at the University Eye Hospital.
• Rizal mastered diagnosing eye ailments under Dr. Becker.
• He befriended Blumentritt.
• Rizal sent Blumentritt a Spanish Tagalog Arithmetic Book.
• They exchanged over 200 letters.

Leipzig

• Rizal arrived in Leipzig on August 14, 1886.
• He mastered German and translated German works into Tagalog.
• He translated William Tell into Tagalog.
• He translated fairy tales of Hans Christian Andersen, such as "The Fir Tree", "Thumbelina", and "The Little Matchgirl".

Berlin

• Rizal moved to Berlin in November 1886.
• He sought to learn more about ophthalmology, German culture and government, and to meet scientists.
• He was an assistant in the clinic of Dr. Schweigger.
• He attended classes at the University of Berlin.
• Rizal wanted to publish his novel, "Noli Me Tangere".
• Maximo Viola lent him money for allowance and 300 pesos for the printing of "Noli Me Tangere".
• In 1887, 2,000 copies of "Noli Me Tangere" were produced and distributed.
• He visited Germany, Switzerland, and Austria with Viola.
• On July 5, 1887, Rizal took a ship from Marseilles and started for home.
• He was ready to operate on his mother's cataract.
• The Propaganda Movement was a reform and national consciousness movement among young Filipinos.
• Graciano Lopez Jaena was the 1st editor of "La Solidaridad".
• Marcelo H. del Pilar took over in late 1889.
• Rizal returned to the Philippines in August 1887.
• Padre Faura told him that he had made mistakes in "Noli Me Tangere," but Rizal stood by his work.
• Rizal established a medical clinic in Calamba.